tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20065237565072768362024-03-13T12:37:47.239-07:00MAKALAH VIRALPusat Makalah dan Ilmu Pengetahuanmakalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.comBlogger130125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-19165988632587490362019-11-14T06:20:00.001-08:002019-11-14T06:20:07.137-08:00Transformasi Hukum Islam Ke Dalam Sistem Hukum Nasional<br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mukadimah</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hukum adalah produk politik,
sehingga ketika membahas politik hukum cenderung mendiskripsikan pengaruh
politik terhadap hukum atau pengaruh sistem politik terhadap pembangunan hukum.
Hukum adalah hasil tarik-menarik berbagai kekuatan politik yang mengejawantah
dalam produk hukum. Bellfroid mendefinisikan rechtpolitiek sebagai proses
pembentukan ius contitutum (hukum positif) dari ius contituendum (hukum yang
akan dan harus ditetapkan) untuk memenuhi kebutuhan perubahan dalam kehidupan
masyarakat. Politik hukum terkadang juga dikaitkan dengan kebijakan publik
(public policy) yang menurut Thomas Dye yaitu : “whatever the government choose
to do or not to do”. Politik hukum juga didefinisikan sebagai pembangunan
hukum. Satjipto Raharjo menyatakan, bahwa hukum adalah instrumentasi dari
putusan atau keinginan politik, sehingga pembuatan undang-undang sarat dengan
kepentingan-kepentingan tertentu. Medan pembuatan undang-undang menjadi arena
perbenturan dan pergumulan antar-kepentingan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Badan pembuat undang-undang
merupakan representasi konfigurasi kekuatan dan kepentingan yang ada dalam
masyarakat. Konfigurasi kekuatan dan kepentingan dalam badan pembuat
undang-undang menjadi penting karena pembuatan undang-undang modern bukan
sekadar merumuskan materi hukum secara baku berikut rambu-rambu yuridisnya,
melainkan membuat putusan politik terlebih dahulu. Disamping konfigurasi
kekuatan dan kepentingan dalam badan pembuat undang-undang,
intervensi-intervensi dari luar tidak dapat diabaikan dalam pembentukan
undang-undang. Intervensi tersebut dilakukan terutama oleh golongan yang
memiliki kekuasaan dan kekuatan, baik secara sosial, politik maupun ekonomi. Di
Indonesia intervensi pemerintah dalam bidang politik sudah lazim, begitu pula
di negara-negara berkembang lainnya. Sejak zaman penjajahan Belanda sampai saat
ini pemerintah sangat dominan di dalam mewarnai politik hukum di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menurut Mahfud MD, politik
hukum juga mencakup pengertian tentang bagaimana politik mempengaruhi hukum
dengan cara melihat konfigurasi kekuatan yang ada di belakang pembuatan dan
penegakan hukum. Juga mempertimbangkan etik hukum, baik buruknya, adil
tidaknya, atau cocok tidaknya ketentuan-ketentuan hukum itu bagi masyarakat
yang bersangkutan, karena hal itu ada hubungannya dengan ditaati atau tidaknya
hukum itu dalam suatu masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Senada dengan pendapat Daniel
S. Lev, politik hukum itu merupakan produk interaksi di kalangan elit politik
yang berbasis kepada berbagai kelompok dan budaya. Ketika elit politik Islam
memiliki daya tawar yang kuat dalam interaksi politik, pengembangan hukum Islam
dalam suprastruktur politik pun memiliki peluang yang sangat besar. Begitupula
sebaliknya ketika menengok sejarah pada masa penjajahan Belanda, posisi hukum
Islam sangat termarjinalkan. Hukum Islam hanya dipandang sebagai hukum apabila
diresepsi ke dalam hukum adat, itu pun dalam strata ketiga setelah hukum Eropah
dan hukum Adat orang timur asing (Arab, China dan India). Indonesia yang
merupakan negara jajahan Belanda, telah mengalami masa berlangsungnya proses
introduksi dan proses perkembangan sistem hukum asing ke dalam hukum masyarakat
pribumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Refleksi Pelembagaan
Hukum Islam Di Indonesia</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada dasarnya pelembagaan hukum Islam merupakan tuntutan dari kenyataan
nilai-nilai dan fikrah (pemikiran) umat Islam dalam bidang hukum, kesadaran
berhukum pada syari’at Islam secara sosiologis dan kultural tidak pernah mati
dan selalu hidup dalam sistem politik manapun, baik masa kolonialisme Belanda,
Jepang maupun masa kemerdekaan dan masa pembangunan dewasa ini. Hal ini
menunjukkan nilai-nilai ajaran Islam disamping kearifan lokal dan hukum adat
memiliki akar kuat untuk tampil menawarkan konsep hukum dengan nilai-nilai yang
lebih universal, yakni berlaku dan diterima oleh siapa saja serta di mana saja,
karena Islam merupakan sistem nilai yang ditujukan bagi tercapainya
kesejahteraan seluruh alam (rahmatan lil ‘alamin). Syari’at Islam meskipun
dalam realitanya telah membumi dan menjiwai setiap aktifitas sehari-hari bangsa
Indonesia (khususnya umat Islam), dan banyak dijadikan acuan Hakim Pengadilan
Agama dalam memutus perkara, namun khusus dalam bidang ekonomi masih belum
merupakan undang-undang negara. Oleh karena itu pelembagaan hukum Islam dalam
bentuk peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur masalah kegiatan di bidang
ekonomi syari’ah merupakan suatu tuntutan kebutuhan hukum umat Islam khususnya,
dan bagi para pelaku bisnis di bidang ekonomi syari’ah pada umumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secara sosiologis, hukum merupakan
refleksi dari tata nilai yang diyakini masyarakat sebagai suatu pranata dalam
kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara. Itu berarti, muatan hukum
yang berlaku selayaknya mampu menangkap aspirasi masyarakat yang tumbuh dan
berkembang bukan hanya yang bersifat kekinian, melainkan juga sebagai acuan
dalam mengantisipasi perkembangan sosial, ekonomi, dan politik di masa depan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pluralitas agama, sosial dan budaya di
Indonesia tidak cukup menjadi alasan untuk membatasi implementasi hukum Islam
hanya sebagai hukum keluarga. Dalam bidang muamalah (ekonomi syari’ah)
misalnya, hukum perbankan dan perdagangan dapat diisi dengan konsep hukum
Islam. Terlebih kegiatan di bidang ekonomi syari’ah di Indonesia dalam
perkembangannya telah mengalami pertumbuhan yang signifikan, namun banyak
menyisakan permasalahan karena belum terakomodir secara baik dalam regulasi
formil yang dijadikan rujukan oleh Pengadilan Agama sebagai lembaga yang
berwenang menyelesaikan persoalan tersebut. Hal ini wajar, mengingat belum
adanya hukum subtansial dalam bentuk peraturan perundang-undangan yang mengatur
kegiatan ekonomi syari’ah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pembangunan hukum nasional secara
obyektif mengakui pluralitas hukum dalam batas-batas tertentu. Pemberlakuan
hukum adat dan hukum agama untuk lingkungan tertentu dan subyek hukum tertentu
adalah wajar karena tidak mungkin memaksakan satu unifikasi hukum untuk
beberapa bidang kehidupan. Oleh karena itu tidak perlu dipersoalkan jika
terhadap subyek hukum Islam -yang melakukan kegiatan dibidang muamalah-
diperlakukan hukum ekonomi syari’ah. Selanjutnya wajar pula dalam hubungan
keluarga terkadang hukum adat setempat lebih dominan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Prinsip unifikasi hukum memang harus
jadi pedoman, namun sejauh unifikasi tidak mungkin, maka pluralitas hukum
haruslah secara realitas diterima. Idealnya pluralitas hukum ini haruslah
diterima sebagai bagian dari tatanan hukum nasional. Untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan hukum terhadap bidang-bidang yang tidak dapat diunifikasi, negara
dengan segala kedaulatan dan kewenangan yang ada padanya dapat mengakui atau
mempertahankan hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat, sekalipun itu bukan produk
hukum negara, seperti hukum adat yang merupakan warisan nenek moyang, hukum
Islam yang bersumber dari ajaran agama dan hukum Barat yang merupakan
peninggalan kolonialis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengusung Hukum Ekonomi
Syari’ah ke Ranah Sistem Hukum Nasional</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari perspektif sistem hukum nasional, bentuk negara kesatuan RI bukan
sekedar fenomena yuridis-konstitusional, tetapi merupakan suatu yang oleh
Friedman disebut sebagai “people attitudes” yang mengandung hal-hal seperti di
atas yakni: beliefs, values, ideas, expectations. Paham negara kesatuan bagi
bangsa Indonesia adalah suatu keyakinan, suatu nilai, suatu cita dan
harapan-harapan. Dengan unsur-unsur tersebut, paham negara kesatuan bagi rakyat
Indonesia mempunyai makna ideologis bahkan filosofis, bukan sekedar
yuridis-formal. Dengan perkataan lain, sistem hukum nasional merupakan
pengejawantahan unsur budaya. Oleh karenanya, menurut Solly Lubis, dalam
praktek kehidupan bernegara, berbangsa dan bermasyarakat secara mendasar
(grounded, dogmatie) dimensi kultur seyogyanya mendahului dimensi politik dan
hukum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berkaitan dengan subtansi hukum,
meskipun Pengadilan Agama telah lama diakaui eksistensinya, namun masih belum
mempunyai kitab hukum yang dijadikan standarisasi bagi hakim dalam memutus
perkara selevel KUHPdt. Suatu hal yang perlu dicatat adalah sejauhmana
kesungguhan lembaga eksekutif maupun legislatif untuk merumuskan undang-undang
bagi para hakim Pengadilan Agama dalam menjalankan tugasnya. Padahal justru
melalui program legislasi nasional itu, hukum Islam tidak hanya mejadi hukum
positif, namun kadar hukum itu akan menjadi bagian terbesar dari pelaksanaan
hukum termasuk diantaranya hukum Islam yang mengatur masalah ekonomi
syari’ah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pendekatan yang dapat digunakan sebagai
upaya mentransformasikan hukum ekonomi syari’ah ke dalam hukum nasional adalah
meminjam teori hukumnya Hans Kelsen (Stufenbau des rechts). Menurut teori ini
berlakunya sutu hukum harus dapat dikembalikan kepada hukum yang lebih tinggi
kedudukannya yakni:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada cita-cita
hukum (rechtsidee) yang merupakan norma abstrak.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada norma antara
(tussen norm, generelle norm, law in books) yang dipakai sebagai perantara
untuk mencapai cita-cita.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ada norma konkrit
(concrete norm), sebagai hasil penerapan norma antara atau penegakannya di
Pengadilan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Urgensi Legislasi Hukum
Ekonomi Syari’ah </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistem hukum Indonesia mengikuti tradisi civil law yang ciri utamanya
adalah peraturan perundang-undangan yang terkodifikasi. Sementara itu hukum
Islam walaupun mempunyai sumber-sumber tertulis pada al-Qur’an, as-Sunnah dan
pendapat para fuqaha (doktrin fikih) pada umumnya tidak terkodifikasi dalam
bentuk buku perundang-undangan yang mudah dirujuki. Oleh karena itu, hukum
Islam di Indonesia seperti halnya juga hukum adat, sering dipandang sebagai
hukum tidak tertulis dalam bentuk perundang-undangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berdasarkan paparan di atas, maka umat
Islam yang menghendaki pemberlakuan ekonomi syari’ah sebagai hukum positif juga
harus mengupayakan politik hukum melalui proses legislasi dengan menyusun draft
Rancangan Undang-Undang (RUU) yang diajukan kepada badan legislatif (DPR) untuk
mendapatkan persetujuan. Berkenaan dengan proses legislasi, dapat dikatakan
mencakup kegiatan mengkaji, merancang, membahas dan mengesahkan undang-undang.
Pengajuan RUU bisa melalui Presiden atau melalui inisiatif DPR.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mentransformasikan hukum ekonomi
syari’ah dalam bentuk Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang baik sekurang-kurangnya
harus memenuhi empat landasan yakni: landasan filosofis, sosiologis, yuridis
dan politis. Landasan filosofis berisi nilai-nilai moral atau etika dari bangsa
tersebut. Moral dan etika pada dasarnya berisi nilai-nilai yang baik dan yang
tidak baik, sedangkan nilai yang baik merupakan pandangan dan cita-cita yang
dijunjung tinggi yang di dalamnya ada nilai kebenaran, keadilan dan kesusilaan
serta berbagai nilai lainnya yang dianggap baik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Landasan sosiologis,
ketentuan-ketentuannya harus sesuai dengan keyakinan umum atau kesadaran hukum
masyarakat. Hal ini penting agar perundang-undangan yang dibuat ditaati oleh
masyarakat. Hukum yang dibentuk harus sesuai dengan “hukum yang hidup” (the
living law) dalam masyarakat, namun produk perundang-undangan tidak sekedar
merekam keadaan seketika (moment opname), sebab jika masyarakat berubah,
nilai-nilaipun berubah, kecenderungan dan harapan masyarakat harus dapat
diprediksi dan terakumulasi dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang
berorientasi masa depan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Landasan yuridis, merupakan landasan
hukum (yurisdische gelding) yang menjadi dasar kewenangan (bevoegdheid
competentie). Dasar hukum kewenangan membentuk peraturan perundang-undangan sangat
diperlukan, tanpa disebutkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan seorang pejabat
atau suatu badan adalah tidak berwenang (onbevoegdheid) mengeluarkan
peraturan. Landasan Politis, merupakan garis kebijaksanaan politik yang
menjadi dasar selanjutnya bagi kebijaksanaan-kebijaksanaan dan pengarahan
ketatalaksanaan pemerintahan negara. Tegasnya, sejalan dengan program legislasi
nasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kecenderungan model pengembangan hukum
Islam di Indonesia berlangsung melalui dua jalur, yaitu jalur legislasi (melalui
perundang-undangan) dan jalur non legislasi (yang berkembang di luar
undang-undang). Diantara kedua jalur tersebut, kecenderungan pada jalur kedua
lebih banyak mewarnai praktek penerapan hukum Islam di Pengadilan Agama. Hal
ini dimaklumi karena proses legislasi hukum Islam di Indonesia selalu
menghadapi kendala struktural dan kultural, baik secara internal maupun
eksternal. Secara internal, para pendukung sistem hukum Islam belum tentu
beranggapan bahwa hukum Islam itu sebagai suatu sistem yang belum final, perlu
dikembangkan dalam konteks hukum nasional. Sedangkan kendala eksternal yakni
struktur politik yang ada belum tentu mendukung proses legislasi hukum Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kendatipun dalam prakteknya legislasi
bukan merupakan kecenderungan, namun pengembangan hukum Islam melalui jalur
legislasi-terutama yang mengatur bidang ekonomi syari’ah- tetap diperlukan
alasannya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengaturan
terhadap bidang ekonomi syari’ah sifatnya urgen terkait dengan kewenangan
baru Pengadilan Agama dalam menyelesaikan sengketa dalam bidang tersebut,
sebagaimana bunyi Pasal 49 Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2006 Tentang
Peradilan Agama jo Pasal 55 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2008
Tentang Perbankan Syari’ah. Juga melihat kebutuhan hukum dewasa ini,
legislasi merupakan tuntutan obyektif, karena akan mendukung implementasi
hukum Islam secara pasti dan mengikat secara yuridis formal.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Materi hukum
ekonomi syari’ah adalah merupakan hukum privat Islam bukan hukum publik,
sehingga jika bidang ini diangkat ke jalur legislasi tidak akan
memunculkan konflik serius, baik ditingkat internal maupun eksternal
karena sifatnya yang universal dan netral.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Prospek Legislasi Hukum
Ekonomi Syari’ah dalam Ranah Sistem Hukum Nasional</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengusung hokum ekonomi syari’ah ke jalur legislasi perlu memperhatikan
tiga hal yaitu subtansi, bentuk dan proses. Dalam hal subtansi sebagaimana
telah dikemukakan di depan, yakni berupa doktrin-doktrin yang ada dalam kitab
fikih, ijtihad dan fatwa para ulama, serta putusan hakim dalam bentuk
yurisprudensi dan yang sudah terakomodir dalam peraturan perundang-undangan
–khususnya KHES-, merupakan acuan yang tidak dapat diabaikan. Dalam hal bentuk,
yang perlu diperhatikan yakni jangkauan berlakunya disesuaikan dengan tingkatan
hirarkis perundang-undangan di negara Republik Indonesia menurut Tap MPRS Nomor
XXX/1966. Sedangkan dalam hal proses tergantung pada yang dipilih, karena
legislasi hukum ekonomi syari’ah menjurus dalam bentuk undang-undang, prosesnya
lebih sulit daripada bentuk peraturan pemerintah dan peraturan-peraturan
dibawahnya, namun demikian melihat kenyataan yang ada, lahirnya undang-undang
tentang ekonomi syari’ah mempunyai peluang yang cukup besar, bebarapa hal
penting yang berpotensi sebagai faktor pendukung yakni antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Subtansi hukum
ekonomi syariah yang established (sudah mapan), disamping telah adanya
KHES, penggunaan fikih-fikih produk imam madzhab yang sudah teruji
pelaksanaannya baik di lingkungan Pengadilan Agama maupun dalam dalam
masyarakat, juga ditunjang beberapa pemikiran fikih madzhab Indonesia yang
telah lama digagas oleh para pakar hukum Islam di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Produk legislasi
adalah produk politik, sehingga untuk berhasil memperjuangkan legislasi
hukum Islam harus mendapatkan dukungan suara mayoritas di lembaga
pembentuk hukum dan fakta politik menunjukkan bahwa meskipun aspirasi
politik Islam bukan mayoritas di Indonesia, namun memperhatikan
konfigurasi politik dalam dasawarsa terakhir cukup memberi angin segar
bagi lahirnya produk-produk hukum nasional yang bernuansa Islami, seperti
halnya: <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lahirnya UU No. 10
Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan atas UU No. 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan.
Lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada pasal 1 ayat (12), Pasal 6 huruf (u),
pasal 7 huruf ©, pasal 8 ayat (1) dan ayat (2), pasal 11 ayat (1) dan ayat
(4a), dan pasal 13 ayat (1) huruf ©.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lahirnya UU Nomor
23 Tahun 1999 tentang Bank Indonesia, yang semakin memperkuat kedudukan
kegiatan ekonomi syari’ah di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lahirnya UU No. 17
Tahun 1999 tentang Penyelenggaraan haji;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lahirnya UU No. 38
Tahun 1999 tentang Pengelolaan Zakat;<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lahirnya UU No. 18
Tahun 2001 tentang Nangroe Aceh Darussalam yang memberi otonomi khusus
kepada Daerah Istimewa Aceh untuk menerapkan syari’at Islam, hal ini
menunjukkan bahwa ajaran Islam telah terimplementasi dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari masyarakat Islam. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lahirnya UU No. 3
Tahun 2006 sebagai hasil amandemen terhadap UU No. 7 Tahun 1989 tentang
Peradilan Agama, yang memberikan kewenangan baru berupa penyelesaian
sengketa ekonomi syari’ah. Dalam perjalanannya amandemen undang-undang ini
tidak menemui hambatan yang berarti dibandingkan dengan lahirnya
undang-undang sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lahirnya UU No. 21
Tahun 2008 Tentang Perbankan Syari’ah. Diharapkan menjadi kran pembuka
terhadap Undang-Undang Ekonomi Syari’ah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Lahirnya PERMA No.
02 Tahun 2008 pada tanggal 10 September 2008 tentang Kompilasi Hukum
Ekonomi Syari’ah, meskipun saat ini kedudukannya hanya sebagai kitab
pedoman, namun ke depan dapat diperjuangkan melalui jalur legislasi
sebagai kitab undang-undang.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selain yang
berbentuk peraturan perundang-undangan juga berbentuk fatwa-fatwa para
ulama yang diterbitkan oleh Dewan Syari’ah Nasional (DSN) Fatwa-fatwa
tersebut menjadi dasar pelaksanaan kegiatan dibidang ekonomi syari’ah
terutama pada bank-bank syari’ah atau bank-bank konvensional yang membuka
cabang syari’ah. Namun demikian fatwa-fatwa di atas belum mengakomodir
seluruh item ekonomi syari’ah sebagaimana yang termaktub dalam Pasal 49
Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 2006. Juga perlu dicatat bahwa hanya sebagian
kecil saja dari fatwa-fatwa tersebut yang telah terserap dalam Peraturan
Bank Indonesia (PBI) dan Surat Edaran Bank Indonesia (SEBI).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3) Materi hukum
yang hendak diusung ke jalur legislasi mencakup hukum privat yang bersifat
universal dan netral sehingga tidak memancing sentimen agama lain.
Kemungkinan besar tidak akan menimbulkan gejolak sosial yang cost-nya
sangat mahal.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sistem politik
Indonesia memberikan peluang bagi tumbuh dan berkembangnya aspirasi
politik Islam, termasuk aspirasi untuk melegislasikan hukum Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pada tataran yuridis
konstitusional, berdasarkan Sila Pertama Pancasila dan Pasal 29 UUD 1945,
hukum Islam adalah bagian dari hukum nasional dan harus ditampung dalam
pembinaan hukum nasional, serta sejalan dengan program legislasi nasional.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dibalik peluang
legislasi yang terbuka lebar, ada beberapa tantangan yang perlu diantisipasi
yakni:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perbedaan pendapat
di kalangan intern umat Islam sendiri yang sebagian menolak gagasan
legislasi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perbedaan pendapat
di kalangan intern Islam mengenai subtansi hukum (ekonomi syari’ah) yang
yang akan diundangkan kemungkinan masih ada ikhtilafi (ada perbedaan
pendapat).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adanya resistensi
dari kalangan non muslim yang menganggap legislasi hukum Islam “ekonomi
syari’ah” di Indonesia akan menempatkan mereka (seolah-olah sebagai warga
negara kelas dua) dan ini juga dipicu oleh sikap dan pernyataan sebagian
gerakan Islam sendiri yang justru kontra produktif bagi perjuangan hukum
Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hukum ekonomi syari’ah
yang diusung ke jalur legislasi dalam bentuk buku atau kitab undang-undang yang
tersusun rapi, praktis dan sistematis bukan hanya berasal dari satu madzhab
fikih saja, melainkan dipilih dan di-tarjih (menguatkan salah satu dari
beberapa pendapat madzhab) dari berbagai pendapat madzhab fikih yang lebih
sesuai dengan kondisi dan kemaslahatan yang menghendaki. Hal ini secara
otomatis menghilangkan sikap ta’assub (fanatik) madzhab, seperti fikih madzhab
Hanafi yang dipakai di kerajaan Turki pada tahun 1876, fikih madzhab Syafi’i
yang dipakai di wilayah Mesir dan Suriah serta fikih madzhab Imam Malik yang
dipakai di Irak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">E. Aspek Positif dan
Aspek Negatif Legislasi Hukum Ekonomi Syari’ah </span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a. Aspek-aspek Positif:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selanjutnya perlu
dikemukakan kelebihan dan kelemahan hukum Islam dalam bentuk
perundang-undangan. Menurut Satjipto Rahardjo yang mengutip pendapat Algra dan
Duyyendijk kelebihan dari bentuk perundang-undangan dibandingkan dengan
norma-norma lain adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1) Tingkat
prediktibilitasnya tinggi. Adanya gambaran hukum secara pasti sebelum suatu
perbuatan itu dilakukan masyarakat, sehingga sudah bisa diprediksi akibat
hukumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2) Perundang-undangan
juga memberikan kepastian mengenai nilai yang dipertaruhkan. Sekali suatu
peraturan dibuat, maka menjadi pasti pula nilai yang hendak dilindungi oleh
peraturan tersebut. Oleh karena itu orang tidak perlu lagi memperdebatkan
apakah nilai itu diterima atau tidak. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sedangkan menurut ulama
fikih, sisi positif hukum Islam dalam bentuk perundang-undangan antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memudahkan para
praktisi hukum untuk merujuk hukum sesuai dengan keinginannya. Kitab-kitab
fikih yang tersebar di dunia Islam penuh dengan perbedaan pendapat yang
kadang-kadang membingungkan dan menyulitkan. Dengan adanya undang-undang
yang mengatur bidang ekonomi syari’ah, para hakim / praktisi hukum tidak
perlu lagi mentarjih berbagai pendapat dalam literatur fikih.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengukuhkan fikih
Islam dengan mengemukakan pendapat paling kuat. Fikih Islam penuh dengan
perbedaan pendapat, bukan saja antar madzhab, tetapi juga perbedaan
pendapat antar ulama dalam madzhab yang sama, sehingga sulit untuk menentukan
pendapat terkuat dari sekian banyak pendapat dalam satu madzhab. Keadaan
seperti ini sangat menyulitkan hakim (apalagi orang awam) untuk memilih
hukum yang akan diterapkan, belum lagi meneliti apakah orang yang
berperkara tersebut bermadzhab Hanbali atau Syafi’i, sehingga hasil
ijtihad Madzhab Hanafi atau Maliki tidak diterapkan kepadanya. Dalam
kaitan ini, undang-undang yang sesuai dengan pendapat yang kuat akan lebih
praktis dan mudah dirujuk oleh para hakim, apalagi di zaman modern ini
para hakim pada umumnya belum memenuhi syarat-syarat mujtahid, sebagaimana
yang ditetapkan oleh ulama.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menghindari sikap
taqlid madzhab di kalangan praktisi hukum, yang selama ini menjadi kendala
dalam lembaga-lembaga hukum.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menciptakan
unifikasi hukum bagi lembaga-lembaga peradilan. Apabila hukum dalam suatu
negara tidak hanya satu, maka akan muncul perbedaan keputusan antara satu
peradilan dengan peradilan lainnya. Hal ini bukan saja membingungkan umat,
tetapi juga mengganggu stabilitas keputusan yang saling bertentangan
antara satu peradilan dengan peradilan lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">b. Aspek-aspek
Negatif: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Di samping sisi positif
maupun kelebihan-kelebihan di atas, hukum Islam dalam bentuk perundang-undangan
juga mengandung kelemahan-kelemahan, sebagaimana dikemukakan oleh Satjipto
Rahardjo antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1) Norma-normanya
menjadi kaku.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2) Mengabaikan
perbedaan-perbedaan atau ciri-ciri khusus yang tidak dapat disamaratakan begitu
saja. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Selain itu, untuk
mengubah hukum yang berbentuk perundang-undangan memerlukan tata cara tertentu,
sehingga membutuhkan waktu, biaya dan persiapan yang tidak kecil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sedangkan menurut Ibnu
al-Muqaffa sisi negatif pelembagaan hukum Islam dalam bentuk perundang-undangan
adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Munculnya kekakuan
hukum, sedangkan manusia dengan segala persoalan kehidupannya senantiasa
berkembang, dan perkembangan ini seringkali tidak diiringi dengan hukum
yang mengaturnya. Dalam persoalan ini ulama fikih menyatakan,”Hukum bisa
terbatas, sedangkan kasus yang terjadi tidak terbatas”. Di sisi lain, fikih
Islam tidak dimaksudkan berlaku sepanjang masa, tetapi hanya untuk
menjawab persoalan yang timbul pada suatu kondisi, masa, dan tempat
tertentu. Oleh karena itu, hukum senantiasa perlu disesuaikan dengan
kondisi, tempat, zaman yang lain. Tidak jarang ditemukan bahwa peristiwa
yang menghendaki hukum lebih cepat berkembang dibandingkan dengan hukum
itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu. Adanya undang-undang bisa memperlambat
perkembangan hukum itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mandegnya upaya
ijtihad. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Munculnya
persoalan taklid baru. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">c. Menakar Aspek
Positif dan Aspek Negatif <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menganalisa sisi
positif dan sisi negatif, kekuatan dan kelemahan bentuk perundang-undangan dari
hukum Islam yang mengatur tentang ekonomi syari’ah, maka dengan memperhatikan
kondisi yang berkembang di Pengadilan Agama dan tradisi hukum yang dianut oleh
negara Indonesia, maka menurut hemat penulis, pelembagaan hukum ekonomi
syari’ah dalam bentuk perundang-undangan tetap merupakan pilihan tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kehadiran undang-undang
yang mengatur kegiatan ekonomi syari’ah tidak perlu diperdebatkan,
keberadaannya di satu sisi untuk memenuhi kebutuhan hukum masyarakat terutama
pelaku bisnis syariah, di sisi lain secara subtansial akan dijadikan sebagai
landasan yuridis bagi hakim Pengadilan Agama dalam menyelesaikan sengketa
ekonomi syari’ah. Selanjutnya sebagaimana teori kontrak social, maka diperlukan
intervensi negara dalam pembentukan dan pengaturannya karena berhubungan dengan
ketertiban umum dalam pelaksanaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Adapun pembentukan
undang-undang yang mengatur kegiatan di bidang ekonomi syari’ah yang akan
datang menurut hemat penulis, seharusnya mempertimbangkan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">1. Mendahulukan
pengaturan aspek-aspek ekonomi syari’ah yang bersifat lex generalis dengan
alasan kebutuhan terhadap undang-undang yang mengatur masalah ekonomi syari’ah
sifatnya urgen, karena dasar hukum yang dipakai saat ini, baik oleh para pelaku
bisnis di bidang ekonomi syari’ah maupun Hakim Pengadilan Agama dalam
menyelesaikan sengketa ekonomi syari’ah adalah KHES atau fikih muamalah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2. Dalam penyusunan
undang-undang yang mengatur bidang ekonomi syari’ah –disamping menjadikan KHES
sebagai acuan utama- juga perlu mempertimbangkan beberapa fatwa yang telah
diterbitkan oleh DSN, baik yang terserap dalam PBI dan SEBI maupun yang tidak
terserap, karena telah nyata bahwa lahirnya fatwa-fatwa di atas adalah sebagai
respon dari beberapa permasalahan riil yang dimintakan fatwa berkenaan dengan
kegiatan di bidang ekonomi syari’ah yang tengah berjalan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3. Perlu juga
mempertimbangkan pengalaman Badan Arbitrase Syari’ah Nasional (BASYARNAS) dalam
menyelesaikan sengketa antara bank syari’ah dan nasabahnya, hal ini nantinya
dapat dijadikan acuan dan masukan bagi Peradilan Agama dalam menyelesaikan
sengketa ekonomi syari’ah di masa depan. Melihat kasus-kasus arbitrase syari’ah
yang diajukan ke BASYARNAS, tampak dengan jelas bahwa persoalan inti adalah
kontrak antara penyedia dana sebagai investor, bank sebagai pengelola dana, dan
nasabah sebagai pengguna dana, atau antara bank sebagai investor dan sekaligus
juga sebagai pengelola dana di satu pihak dan nasabah sebagai pengguna dana di
pihak lain. Kontrak yang paling umum dilakukan adalah akad mudharabah, akad
musyarakah, akad murabahah dan lain-lain yang selama ini diatur secara luas
dalam fikih berbagai madzhab. Dalam penyelesaian sengketa, BASYARNAS
menggunakan dua hukum yang berbeda, yaitu hukum Islam sebagaimana
diformulasikan oleh DSN dan pasal-pasal KUHPerdata (khususnya mengenai
perjanjian). Hal itu dilakukan karena ketiadaan peraturan perundang-undangan
tentang perbankan syari’ah secara khusus dan ekonomi syari’ah secara umum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">4. Disampng KHES,
-untuk penyempurnaan- perlu juga mempertimbangkan dan mengkomparasikan dengan
Pasal-pasal dalam KUHD dan KUHPerdata khususnya yang berkenaan dengan
perjanjian, alasannya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">a) Pasal-pasal tersebut
selama ini telah lazim di pakai dasar untuk mengadakan kontrak di bidang
ekonomi di Indonesia, seperti jual beli, sewa menyewa perjanjian kerja,
perjanjian usaha dalam bentuk perserikatan perdata (maatschap), penitipan
barang, perjanjian pinjam pakai, perjanjian pinjam pakai habis
(verbruiklening), peminjaman dengan bagi hasil, perjanjian pertanggungan
(asuransi), pemberian kuasa, perjanjian penanggungan utang, dan perjanjian
perdamaian, yang merupakan perjanjian-perjanjian dengan nama seperti disebut di
dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, serta perjanjian-perjanjian lain
dengan nama apapun juga, atau bahkan tanpa nama, apabila kaum muslimin
menghendaki, maka melalui asas kebebasan berkontrak sebagaimana disebutkan
dalam pasal 1338 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata, dapat sepenuhnya
melakukannya berdasarkan ajaran-ajaran dan akhlak Islam, sehingga seluruh
perbuatannya tersebut akan tunduk kepada dan terhadapnya berlaku hukum Islam.
Dengan demikian, maka praktis dalam seluruh kehidupan keperdataan atau
muamalah, bagi umat Islam di Indonesia telah dapat diberlakukan hukum Islam,
asalkan mereka menghendaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Seperti halnya
dinyatakan dalam pasal 1338 KUH Perdata yang menganut asas kebebasan
berkontrak, ini berarti setiap individu anggota masyarakat bebas membuat atau
mengikat perjanjian dengan individu anggota mayarakat lain menurut kehendaknya,
sepanjang sesuai dengan undang-undang serta tidak bertentangan dengan
ketertiban umum dan kesusilaan. Pasal-pasal tersebut juga tidak bertentangan
dengan nilai-nilai dalam Islam. Bahkan lebih dari itu, pasal 1338 KUHPerdata
menegaskan, bahwa perjanjian itu berlaku sebagai undang-undang bagi mereka yang
membuatnya. Dari ketentuan pasal tersebut, seluruh pakar hukum sepakat
menyimpulkan bahwa dalam hal hukum perjanjian, hukum positif (hukum yang
berlaku) di Indonesia menganut system “terbuka”. Artinya, setiap orang bebas
untuk membuat perjanjian apa dan bagaimanapun juga, sepanjang pembuatannya
dilakukan sesuai dengan undang-undang dan isinya tidak bertentangan dengan
ketertiban umum dan atau kesusilaan. Namun yang perlu mendapat stressing di
sini adalah aspek syariat yang menyangkut etika transaksi dan pemahaman
batasan-batasan syariat yang mencakup rukun dan syarat-syarat akad yang
terdapat dalam asas-asas kontrak menurut hukun Islam yang mungkin pada
penerapannya berbeda dengan KUHP.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Asas hukum ini dalam
keadaan bagaimanapun tidak mungkin dihilangkan dari tatanan hidup umat manusia
dalam masyarakat yang beradab, karena kebebasan individu adalah merupakan
pemberian Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, yang tidak suatu kekuasaanpun, termasuk
kekuasaan negara berhak mencabutnya. Asas kebebasan berkontrak di dalam
kegiatan keperdataan tersebut sangat sesuai dengan pengertian “ibadah
muamalah”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dengan kelarnya
undang-undang yang mengatur ekonomi syari’ah, maka tidaklah mustahil, pada
masa-masa mendatang kamu muslimin Indonesia dalam menjalankan aktivitas usaha
mereka di segala bidang keperdataan, akan menjadikan undang-undang tersebut
menjadi landasannya. Masalahnya adalah sederhana, mereka ingin agar seluruh
aktivitas hidup mereka, sesuai dengan rasa keimanan dan keyakinannya, hal ini
tidak bertentangan dengan jiwa Pancasila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-63248822072802850052019-11-14T06:17:00.003-08:002019-11-14T06:17:52.371-08:00Batas Umur Perkawinan Menurut Hukum Islam<br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BATAS UMUR PERKAWINAN MENURUT HUKUM ISLAM <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada dasarnya,
Hukum Islam tidak mengatur secara mutlak tentang batas umur perkawinan. Tidak
adanya ketentuan agama tentang batas umur minimal dan maksimal untuk
melangsungkan perkawinan diasumsikan memberi kelonggaran bagi manusia untuk
mengaturnya. Al-Qur’an mengisyaratkan bahwa orang yang akan melangsungkan
perkawinan haruslah orang yang siap dan mampu. Firman Allah SWT.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">و انكحوا
الأيامى منكم و الصالحين من عبادكم و إمآئكم إن يكونوا فقراء يغنهم الله من فضله و
الله واسع عليم</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>“<i>Dan kawinkanlah orang-orang
yang sendirian di antara kamu dan orang-orang yang layak (berkawin) dari
hamba-hamba sahayamu yang laki-laki dan hamba-hamba sahayamu yang perempuan.
Jika mereka miskin, Allah akan memampukan mereka dengan karunia-Nya. Dan Allah
Maha Luas (pemberian-Nya) lagi Maha Mengetahui</i>.” (QS. An Nuur : 32)</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kata (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">الصالحين</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) dipahami oleh banyak ulama
dalam arti “yang layak kawin” yakni yang mampu secara mental dan spiritual
untuk membina rumah tangga.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref1"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn1" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref1;"><span style="color: blue;">[1]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref1;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref1;"></span>
Begitu pula dengan hadits Rasulullah SAW, yang menganjurkan kepada para pemuda
untuk melangsungkan perkawinan dengan syarat adanya kemampuan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">حدثنا عمر بن
حفص بن غياث حدثنا الأعمش قال حدثني عمارة عن عبد الرحمن بن يزيد قال دخلت مع
علقمة و الأسود على عبد الله فقال عبد الله كنا مع النبي صلى الله عليه و سلم
شبابا لا نجد شيئا فقال لنا رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم يا معشر الشباب من
استطاع منكم الباءة فليتزوج فإنه أغض للبصر و أحسن للفرج و من لم يستطع فعليه
بالصيام فإنه له وجاء (رواه البخاري)</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>“<i>Kami telah diceritakan dari
Umar bin Hafs bin Ghiyats, telah menceritakan kepada kami dari ayahku (Hafs bin
Ghiyats), telah menceritakan kepada kami dari al A’masy dia berkata : “Telah
menceritakan kepadaku dari ’Umarah dari Abdurrahman bin Yazid, dia berkata :
“Aku masuk bersama ’Alqamah dan al Aswad ke (rumah) Abdullah, dia berkata
: “Ketika aku bersama Nabi SAW dan para pemuda dan kami tidak menemukan yang
lain, Rasulullah SAW bersabda kepada kami: “Wahai para pemuda, barang
siapa di antara kamu telah mampu berumah tangga, maka kawinlah, karena kawin
dapat menundukkan pandangan dan memelihara kemaluan. Dan barangsiapa belum
mampu, maka hendaklah berpuasa, maka sesungguhnya yang demikian itu dapat
mengendalikan hawa nafsu</i>.” (HR. Bukhari)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref2"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn2" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref2;"><span style="color: blue;">[2]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref2;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref2;"></span>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara tidak
langsung, Al-Qur’an dan Hadits mengakui bahwa kedewasaan sangat penting dalam
perkawinan. Usia dewasa dalam fiqh ditentukan dengan tanda-tanda yang bersifat
jasmani yaitu tanda-tanda baligh secara umum antara lain, sempurnanya
umur 15 (lima belas) tahun bagi pria, ihtilam bagi pria dan haid
pada wanita minimal pada umur 9 (sembilan) tahun.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref3"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn3" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref3;"><span style="color: blue;">[3]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref3;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref3;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan
terpenuhinya kriteria baligh maka telah memungkinkan seseorang
melangsungkan perkawinan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref4"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn4" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref4;"><span style="color: blue;">[4]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref4;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref4;"></span>
Sehingga kedewasaan seseorang dalam Islam sering diidentikkan dengan baligh.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref5"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn5" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref5;"><span style="color: blue;">[5]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref5;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref5;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apabila terjadi
kelainan atau keterlambatan pada perkembangan jasmani (biologis)nya, sehingga
pada usia yang biasanya seseorang telah mengeluarkan air mani bagi pria atau
mengeluarkan darah haid bagi wanita tetapi orang tersebut belum mengeluarkan
tanda-tanda kedewasaan itu, maka mulai periode balighnya berdasarkan usia yang
lazim seseorang mengeluarkan tanda-tanda baligh. Mulainya usia baligh antara
seorang dengan orang lain dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan lingkungan, geografis dan
sebagainya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref6"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn6" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref6;"><span style="color: blue;">[6]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref6;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref6;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ukuran
kedewasaan yang diukur dengan kriteria baligh ini tidak bersifat kaku
(relatif).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref7"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn7" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref7;"><span style="color: blue;">[7]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref7;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref7;"></span>
Artinya, jika secara kasuistik memang sangat mendesak kedua calon mempelai
harus segera dikawinkan, sebagai perwujudan metode sadd al-zari’ah untuk
menghindari kemungkinan timbulnya mudharat yang lebih besar.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref8"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn8" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref8;"><span style="color: blue;">[8]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref8;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref8;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Para ulama
berbeda pendapat dalam menetapkan batasan umur bagi orang yang dianggap baligh.
Ulama Syafi'iyyah dan Hanabilah menyatakan bahwa : </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">و قال
الشافعية و الحنابلة أن البلوغ بالسن يتحقق بخمس عشرة سنة في الغلام و الحارية</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anak laki-laki
dan anak perempuan dianggap baligh apabila telah menginjak usia 15 tahun</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref9"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn9" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref9;"><span style="color: blue;">[9]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref9;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref9;"></span>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ulama
Hanafiyyah menetapkan usia seseorang dianggap baligh sebagai
berikut :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">و قال
الحنفية ثمان عشرة في الغلام و سبع عشرة في الجارية</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anak laki-laki
dianggap baligh bila berusia 18 tahun dan 17 tahun bagi anak perempuan</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref10"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn10" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref10;"><span style="color: blue;">[10]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref10;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref10;"></span>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedangkan ulama
dari golongan Imamiyyah menyatakan :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">و قال
الإمامية خمس عشرة في الغلام و تسع في الجارية</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anak laki-laki
dianggap baligh bila berusia 15 tahun dan 9 tahun bagi anak perempuan</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref11"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn11" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref11;"><span style="color: blue;">[11]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref11;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref11;"></span>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terhadap anak
perempuan yang berusia 9 tahun, maka terdapat dua pendapat. Pertama, Imam
Malik, Imam Syafi’i dan Imam Abu Hanifah mengatakan bahwa anak perempuan yang
berusia 9 tahun hukumnya sama seperti anak berusia 8 tahun sehingga dianggap
belum baligh. Kedua, ia dianggap telah baligh karena telah
memungkinkan untuk haid sehingga diperbolehkan melangsungkan perkawinan
meskipun tidak ada hak khiyar baginya sebagaimana dimiliki oleh wanita dewasa.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref12"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn12" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref12;"><span style="color: blue;">[12]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref12;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref12;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengingat,
perkawinan merupakan akad/perjanjian yang sangat kuat (miitsaqan ghalizan) yang
menuntut setiap orang yang terikat di dalamnya untuk memenuhi hak dan kewajiban
masing-masing dengan penuh keadilan, keserasian, keselarasan dan keseimbangan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref13"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn13" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref13;"><span style="color: blue;">[13]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref13;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref13;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkawinan
sebagai salah satu bentuk pembebanan hukum tidak cukup hanya dengan
mensyaratkan baligh (cukup umur) saja. Pembebanan hukum (taklif) didasarkan
pada akal (aqil, mumayyiz), baligh (cukup umur) dan pemahaman. Maksudnya
seseorang baru bisa dibebani hukum apabila ia berakal dan dapat memahami
secara baik terhadap taklif yang ditujukan kepadanya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref14"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn14" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref14;"><span style="color: blue;">[14]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref14;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref14;"></span>
Jadi penulis lebih sepakat bahwa syarat calon mempelai adalah mukallaf.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref15"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn15" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref15;"><span style="color: blue;">[15]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref15;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref15;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terkait dengan
prinsip kedewasaan dalam perkawinan, para ulama cenderung tidak membahas
batasan usia perkawinan secara rinci namun lebih banyak membahas tentang hukum
mengawinkan anak yang masih kecil. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkawinan anak
yang masih kecil dalam fiqh disebut nikah ash shaghir/shaghirah atau az-zawaj
al mubakkir. Shaghir/shaghirah secara literal berarti kecil. Akan tetapi yang
dimaksud dengan shaghir/shaghirah adalah laki-laki/perempuan yang belum baligh.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref16"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn16" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref16;"><span style="color: blue;">[16]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref16;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref16;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkawinan di
bawah umur tidak lepas dari hak ijbar yaitu hak wali (ayah/kakek) mengawinkan
anak perempuannya tanpa harus mendapatkan persetujuan atau izin terlebih dahulu
dari anak perempuan yang akan dikawinkan tersebut, asal saja ia bukan berstatus
janda. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang ayah
bisa mengawinkan anak perempuannya yang masih kecil dan perawan selama belum
baligh tanpa izinnya dan tidak ada hak khiyar bagi anak perempuan itu jika dia
telah baligh. Sebaliknya, ayah tidak boleh mengawinkan anak laki-lakinya
yang masih kecil.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref17"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn17" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref17;"><span style="color: blue;">[17]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref17;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref17;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meskipun
demikian, seorang anak perempuan tidak langsung dapat disenggamai oleh suaminya
jika masih terlalu kecil sehingga dia cukup dewasa untuk melakukan hubungan
layaknya suami isteri. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ulama yang
membolehkan wali untuk mengawinkan anak perempuannya yang masih di bawah umur
ini pada umumnya berlandaskan pada riwayat bahwa Abu Bakar ra. mengawinkan Siti
‘Aisyah ra. dengan Rasulullah SAW.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">حدثنا يحيى
بن يحيى و اسحق و ابراهيم و ابو بكر و ابو كريب قال يحيى و اسحق أخبرنا و قال
الآخران حدثنا ابو معاوية عن الأعمش عن الأسود عن عائشة قالت تزوجها رسول الله صلى
الله عليه و سلم و هي بنت ست و بنى بها و هي بنت تسع و مات عنها و هي بنت ثمان
عشرة (رواه مسلم)</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>“<i>Telah menceritakan kepadaku
Yahya bin Yahya, Ishaq bin Ibrahim, Abu Bakar bin Abi Syaibah dan Abu Karib.
Yahya dan Ishaq telah berkata : Telah menceritakan kepada kami dan berkata
al Akhrani : Telah menceritakan kepadaku Abu Mu’awiyah dari al A’masyi dari al
Aswad dari ‘Aisyah ra. berkata : Rasulullah SAW mengawiniku pada saat usiaku 6
tahun dan hidup bersama saya pada usiaku 9 tahun dan beliau wafat saat usiaku
18 tahun</i> (HR. Muslim)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref18"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn18" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref18;"><span style="color: blue;">[18]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref18;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref18;"></span>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Abu Bakar ra.
telah mengawinkan ‘Aisyah dengan Rasulullah SAW sewaktu masih anak-anak tanpa
persetujuannya lebih dahulu. Sebab pada umur demikian persetujuannya tidak
dapat dianggap sempurna. Namun, mengenai perkawinan ‘Aisyah ra. dengan
Nabi Muhammad SAW, sebagian ulama berpendapat bahwa hal itu merupakan
perkecualian atau kekhususan bagi Rasulullah SAW sendiri sebagaimana Rasulullah
SAW dibolehkan beristeri lebih dari empat orang yang tidak boleh diikuti oleh
umatnya.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref19"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn19" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref19;"><span style="color: blue;">[19]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref19;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref19;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendapat lain
menyatakan bahwa perkawinan Rasulullah SAW dengan ‘Aisyah lebih bermotif dakwah
dan memberikan kebebasan bagi Abu Bakar ra. memasuki rumah tangga Rasulullah
SAW.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref20"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn20" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref20;"><span style="color: blue;">[20]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref20;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref20;"></span>
Walaupun demikian, hak ijbar ayah atau kakek tidak serta merta dapat
dilaksanakan dengan sekehendak sendiri. Ulama’ Syafi’iyyah mengatakan bahwa
untuk bisa mengawinkan anak laki-laki di bawah umur disyaratkan adanya
kemashlahatan (kepentingan yang baik). Sedangkan untuk anak perempuan
diperlukan beberapa syarat antara lain: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Tidak
ada permusuhan yang nyata antara si anak perempuan dengan walinya yaitu ayahnya
atau kakeknya. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Tidak
ada permusuhan (kebencian) yang nyata antara dia dan calon suaminya. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Calon
suami harus kufu (sesuai/setara). </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Calon
suami mampu memberikan maskawin yang pantas. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibn Syubrumah
memiliki pandangan yang berbeda dengan pandangan mayoritas ulama di atas.
Beliau berpandangan bahwa anak laki-laki ataupun anak perempuan di bawah umur
tidak dianjurkan untuk dikawinkan. Mereka hanya boleh dikawinkan setelah
mencapai usia baligh dan melalui persetujuan yang berkepentingan secara
eksplisit.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref21"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn21" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref21;"><span style="color: blue;">[21]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref21;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref21;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Firman Allah
SWT :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">و ابتلوا
اليتامى حتى إذا بلغوا النكاح فإن أنستم منهم رشدا فادفعوا إليهم أموالهم </span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>“<i>Dan ujilah anak yatim itu
sampai mereka cukup umur untuk kawin. Kemudian jika menurut pendapatmu mereka
telah cerdas (pandai memelihara harta) maka serahkanlah kepada mereka
harta-hartanya</i>” (QS. An Nisa : 6) </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkawinan di
bawah umur tidak dianjurkan mengingat mereka dianggap belum memiliki kemampuan
untuk mengelola harta (<i>rusyd</i>). Selain itu, mereka juga belum membutuhkan
perkawinan. Mereka dikhawatirkan tidak mampu memenuhi kewajiban-kewajiban yang
harus dipikul dalam kehidupan sebagai suami istri terutama dalam
pengelolaan keuangan rumah tangga. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sedangkan bagi
anak perempuan kecil yang sudah janda (baik karena ditinggal mati suaminya atau
bercerai) maka walinya tidak boleh mengawinkannya kembali demikian pula bagi
orang lain (wali selain ayah) untuk mengawinkannya sampai ia baligh.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref22"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn22" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref22;"><span style="color: blue;">[22]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref22;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref22;"></span>
Jadi, anak kecil yang sudah janda kedudukannya sama dengan janda yang telah
dewasa yaitu ia memberikan izin saat akan dikawinkan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">حدثنا قتيبة
بن سعيد حدثنا سفيان عن زياد بن سعد عن عبد الله ابن الفضل سمع نافع بن جبير عن
ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما ان النبي صلى الله عليه و سلم قال الثيب أحق بنفسها من
وليها و البكر تستأمر و إذنها سكوتها (رواه مسلم)</span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>“<i>Telah menceritakan kepada
kami Qutaibah bin Sa’id : Telah menceritakan kepada kami Sufyan dari Ziyad bin
Sa’ad dari Abdillah ibn Al Fadhli : Telah mendengar Nafi’ bin Jabir dengan
khabar dari Ibnu ‘Abbas ra. bahwasanya Nabi SAW telah bersabda : Seorang janda
lebih berhak atas dirinya daripada walinya dan perawan harus dengan izinnya dan
izinnya ialah diamnya</i>” (HR. Muslim)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref23"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn23" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref23;"><span style="color: blue;">[23]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref23;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref23;"></span>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa negara
muslim berbeda pula dalam menentukan batasan usia minimal perkawinan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref24"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn24" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref24;"><span style="color: blue;">[24]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref24;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref24;"></span>
Perbedaan penetapan batas usia ini tidak lepas dari pengaruh lingkungan,
geografis dan budaya pada masing-masing negara.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 19.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 553px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">No</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Negara</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 221.4pt;" valign="top" width="295">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Batasan Umur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Laki-laki</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perempuan</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.55pt;" valign="top" width="57">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">11</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">12</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">13</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">14</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">17</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 5.0cm;" valign="top" width="189">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aljazair </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bangladesh </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mesir </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Indonesia </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Iraq </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yordania </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lebanon </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Libya </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Malaysia </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Maroko </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yaman Utara </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pakistan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Somalia </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yaman Selatan
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Syria </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tunisia </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Turki</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">21 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">21</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">19 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">19 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">17</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 110.7pt;" valign="top" width="148">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">17 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">18 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">16 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">17 </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">17</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">15</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sumber : Muhammad Amin Suma, Hukum Keluarga
Islam di Dunia Islam, Jakarta : Rajawali Press, 2004, hlm. 184 sebagaimana
dikutip dari Tahir Mahmood, Personal Law In Islamic Countries : History, Text
And Comparative Analysis, New Delhi : Academy of Law and Religion, 1987, hlm.
270. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meskipun
masing-masing negara memiliki standar umur perkawinan yang berbeda, namun
intinya prinsip kematangan dan kedewasaan sangat diperhatikan. Dengan demikian
keabsahan perkawinan tidak semata-mata karena terpenuhinya rukun melainkan
berkembang pada pemenuhan syarat-syarat perkawinan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Majelis Ulama’
Indonesia memberikan fatwa bahwa usia kelayakan perkawinan adalah usia
kecakapan berbuat dan menerima hak (<i>ahliyatul ada’</i> dan <i>ahliyyatul
wujub</i>).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref25"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn25" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref25;"><span style="color: blue;">[25]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref25;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref25;"></span>
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ahliyyatul Ada</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">’ adalah sifat kecakapan bertindak hukum seseorang
yang telah dianggap sempurna untuk mempertanggungjawabkan seluruh perbuatannya
baik perbuatan yang bersifat positif maupun negatif. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ahliyyatul
Wujub </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">adalah sifat
kecakapan seseorang untuk menerima hak-hak yang menjadi haknya dan belum cakap
untuk dibebani seluruh kewajiban.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref26"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftn26" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref26;"><span style="color: blue;">[26]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref26;"></span></a></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftnref26;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">M. Quraish Shihab, Tafsir al Misbah, Vol. IX. Jakarta
: Lentera Hati, 2005, Cet. IV, hlm.335</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn2"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref2" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn2;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[2]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn2;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn2;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Abdullah
Muhammad bin Ismail al Bukhari, Shahih al Bukhari, Juz V, Beirut : Dar al
Kitab al ‘Ilmiyyah, 1992. Hlm. 438. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn3"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref3" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn3;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[3]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn3;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn3;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Salim bin
Samir al Hadhramy, Safinah an Najah, Surabaya : Dar al ‘Abidin, tt, hlm. 15-16</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn4"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref4" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn4;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[4]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn4;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn4;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Amir
Syarifuddin, Ushul Fiqh, Jilid I, Jakarta : Prenada Media, 2008, Cet. III, hlm.
394</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn5"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref5" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn5;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[5]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn5;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn5;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Baligh adalah
cukup umur. Lihat Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia,
Edisi III, Jakarta : Balai Pustaka, 2005, Cet. III, hlm. 96</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn6"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref6" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn6;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[6]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn6;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn6;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Direktorat
Jenderal Pembinaan Kelembagaan Agama Islam, Ilmu Fiqh, Jilid II, Jakarta :
Departemen Agama, 1985, hlm. 3-4 25</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn7"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref7" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn7;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[7]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn7;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn7;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Ahmad Rofiq,
Hukum Islam di Indonesia, Jakarta : Rajawali Press, Cet. VI, 2003, hlm. 78</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn8"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref8" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn8;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[8]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn8;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn8;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Ahmad Rofiq,
loc. Cit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn9"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref9" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn9;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[9]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn9;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn9;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Muhammad Jawad
Mughniyyah, al Ahwal al Syakhsiyyah, Beirut : Dar al 'Ilmi lil Malayain, tt.
hlm. 16</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn10"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref10" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn10;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[10]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn10;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn10;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Ibid</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn11"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref11" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn11;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[11]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn11;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn11;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Ibid</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn12"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref12" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn12;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[12]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn12;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn12;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Ibn Qudamah,
al Mughni, Beirut : Dar al Kutub al ‘Ilmiyyah, Juz VII, tt, hlm. 383-384</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn13"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref13" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn13;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[13]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn13;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn13;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Dedi Junaedi,
Bimbingan Perkawinan (Membina Keluarga Sakinah Menurut Al Qur’an Dan As
Sunnah), Jakarta : Akademika Pressindo, Cet. III, 2003, hlm. 1</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn14"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref14" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn14;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[14]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn14;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn14;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Ali Imron,
Kecakapan Bertindak dalam Hukum (Studi Komparatif Hukum Islam dengan Hukum
Positif di Indonesia), Semarang : Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, 2007
hlm. 3</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn15"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref15" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn15;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[15]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn15;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn15;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Mukallaf
adalah orang yang telah dianggap mampu bertindak hukum baik yang berhubungan
dengan perintah Allah maupun larangan-Nya. Mukallaf diindikasikan dengan cukup
umur (baligh), berakal dan memahami taklif yang dibebankan kepadanya. Lihat
Rachmat Syafe’i, Ilmu Ushul Fiqh, Bandung : Pustaka Setia, 1999, hlm. 334 dan
336</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn16"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref16" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn16;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[16]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn16;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn16;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Hussein
Muhammad, Fiqh Perempuan (Refleksi Kiai atas Wacana Agama dan Gender),
Yogyakarta : LKiS, 2007, hlm. 90</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn17"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref17" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn17;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[17]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn17;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn17;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Abi Muhammad
Ali bin Ahmad bin Said bin Hazm, al Muhalla, Jilid VI, Beirut : Dar al Fikr,
Juz IX, tt, hlm. 458 dan 462. Lihat juga Tengku Muhammad Hasbi ash Shiddiey,
Hukum-Hukum Fiqh Islam (Tinjauan Antar Madzhab), Semarang : Pustaka Rizki
Putra, 2001, Cet. IV, hlm. 232</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn18"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref18" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn18;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[18]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn18;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn18;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Husain Muslim
bin Hajjaj, Shahih Muslim, Juz I, Bandung : Dahlan, tt, hlm. 595</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn19"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref19" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn19;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[19]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn19;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn19;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Mahmud Yunus,
Hukum Perkawinan dalam Islam, Jakarta : Hidakarya Agung, 1985, hlm. 69</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn20"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref20" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn20;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[20]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn20;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn20;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Amir
Syarifuddin, op. cit, hlm. 67</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn21"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref21" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn21;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[21]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn21;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn21;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Hussein
Muhammad, op.cit, hlm. 100</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn22"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref22" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn22;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[22]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn22;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn22;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Abi Muhammad
Ali bin Ahmad bin Said bin Hazm, al Muhalla, Jilid VI, Beirut : Dar al Fikr,
Juz IX, tt. Lihat Zainuddin Abdul Aziz al Malibary, Fath al Mu’in,
Surabaya : Dar al ‘Abidin, tt. hlm. 103</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn23"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref23" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn23;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[23]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn23;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn23;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Husain Muslim
bin Hajjaj, op. cit, hlm 597</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn24"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref24" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn24;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[24]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn24;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn24;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Muhammad Amin
Suma, Hukum Keluarga Islam di Dunia Islam, Jakarta : Raja Grafindo Persada,
2004, hlm.184</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn25"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref25" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn25;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[25]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn25;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn25;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Majelis Ulama
Indonesia, Ijma’ Ulama (Keputusan Ijtima’ Ulama Komisi Fatwa se Indonesia
III Tahun 2009), Jakarta : Majelis Ulama Indonesia, 2009, hlm. 78</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn26"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8734442115364475758#_ftnref26" title=""><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn26;"><span lang="IN" style="color: blue; font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[26]</span></span><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn26;"></span></a><span style="mso-bookmark: _ftn26;"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Bookman Old Style","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Ali Imron,
op.cit, hlm. 18 dan 24</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-49141846295255987752019-11-14T06:16:00.002-08:002019-11-14T06:16:40.684-08:00Metode, Tujuan dan Manfaat Filsafat Hukum Islam<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karakter Filsafat Hukum
Islam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pengertian filsafat yang semula berarti
cinta kearifan teryata menjadi luas sekali. Dahulu, kata <i>sophia</i> tidak
hanya berarti kearifan saja, melainkan berarti pula kebenaran pertama,
pengetahuan luas, kebijakan intelektual, pertimbangan sehat sampai kepandaian
pengrajin dan bahkan kecerdikan dalam memutuskan soal-soal praktis.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Filsafat adalah berpikir, akan tetapi
tidaklah setiap berpikir itu berfilsafat. Filsafat adalah berpikir yang logis,
kritis, sistematik, radikal dan universal. Berfikir yang logis adalah berfikir
menurut aturan-aturan logika, setiap berfikir adalah penalaran atau penuturan
melalui prosedur yang konsisten dan koheren sesuai dengan kaidah-kaidah
penalaran. Berfikir kritis adalah berfikir yang selektif serta berpangkal pada
satu kebenaran yang telah diuji terlebih dahulu. Adapun berfikir yang
sistematik adalah mengikuti sistem-sistem tertentu yang di dalamnya terkadung
kaitan-kaitan antara masukan (<i>input</i>) proses, keluaran (<i>out put</i>)
dan umpan balik. Yang dimaksud dengan radikal dalam filsafat adalah berfikir
yang tuntas hingga sampai pada akar-akarnya.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Karakteristik berfikir filosofis di
antaranya adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menyeluruh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Filsafat tidak sama dengan ilmu dalam
memadang objeknya, karena filsafat melihat atau memandang objeknya dari sudut
totalitas (keseluruhan). Filsafat ingin mencoba mengenali hakikat atau “apanya”
sesuatu. Filsafat tidak akan puas hanya mengenal objeknya dari sudut tertentu
secara khusus sebagimana dilakukan oleh ilmu-ilmu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mendasar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Filsafat dalam mengahdapi semua
persoalan tidak berhenti dengan percaya begitu saja<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secara dangkal. Filsafat hendak mencari
mengapa “mengapa” susuatu hal sampai ke akar-akarnya, artinya, secara radikal
filsafat terus bertanya ke dasar dari sesuatu alasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Spekulatif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kegiatan spekluasi merupakan yang
pertama dari kegiatan-kegiatan utama yang telah dilakukan oleh para filsuf
selama berabad-abad, yakni membuat dugan-dugaan yang masuk akal mengenai
sesuatu hal. Filsafat berusaha menetapkan kriteria apa yang disebut benar
(logika), apa yang disebut baik (etika) dan apa yang disebut indah (estetika), dan
selanjutnya dapat diteruskan dan dimanfaatkan oleh ilmu-ilmu.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sejarah “runtuhnya” peta intelektualitas
keislaman yang membuat Islam harus mengakui ketertinggalannya dari kereta
peradaban, telah membuat para pemikir muslim kontemporer bangkit dari tidur
panjangnya.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Kembangkitan pemikiran keislaman yang oleh Hasan Hanafi disinyalir sebagai
kebangkitan Islam gelombang ketiga telah dirintis sejak masa Rif’ah Thanthawi
(1801-1873), Jamal Al-Din Al Afghani (1838-1897), Muhammad Abduh (1848-1905),
dan Rasyid Ridha (1865-1935), yang selanjutnya dikembangkan oleh para pemikir
muslim kontemporer berikutnya.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Kambing hitam” pun dilontarkan kepada
mereka yang telah ikut andil dalam menciptakan “dosa besar” sejarah Islam itu.
Secara simultan mereka berasumsi bahwa stagnasi pemikiran keislaman disebabkan
oleh “matinya” gairah berfilsafat (berlogika) di Timur. Kondisi <i>taqlid</i>
yang terus menerus sebgai kemalasan berpikir inilah yang membuat <i>ijtihad</i>
baru tidak kunjung hadir untuk menjawab permasalahan dan memberi solusi kepada
masyarakat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Melihat fenomena itu, demi mengejar ketertinggalannya, para
pemikir muslim kontemporer merasa tergugah untuk membangkitkan gairah
berfilsafat di Timur</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: black;">(Islam), dengan melihat Barat sebagai contoh untuk maju.
Metodologi yang</span> <span style="color: black;">diterapkan adalah metodologi
ala Barat. Karakteristiknya mudah ditebak, yaitu</span> <span style="color: black;">rasionalistis, kebebasan berfikir, dan kebebasan mengungkapkan
pendapat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salah satu isu yang paling sensitif,
bagi banyak umat Islam, yang diangkat oleh pendekatan kontekstual adalah bahwa
pendekatan ini dikhawatirkan mengubah berbagai pandangan hukum atau teologis
yang disusun oleh para sarjana Muslim pra-modern. Bagi banyak Muslim,
pendapat-pendapat itu dianggap setara dengan “dasar-dasar” atau
“prinsip-prinsip dasar agama” (<i>ushul al-din</i>) Islam dan tidak boleh
diubah. Sering berbagai argumen yang mendukung pendekatan kontekstual ditentang
dengan alasan bahwa pendekatan kontekstual bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip
dasar agama dan karena itu dianggap sebagai pendekatan penafsiran Al-Qur’an
yang tidak bisa diandalkan. Namum, dari sudut pandang kontekstual, pendekatan
ini memiliki dasar-dasar kuat yang tidak bertentangan dengan prinsip-prinsip
dasar agama, dan kenyataannya, terdapat berbagai jaring pengaman dalam
pendekatan ni untuk terhindar dari relativisme.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maka, filsafat yang sederhana kita
artikan sebagai berpikir kritis dan mendalam, tentu akan hadir dalam setiap
lini usaha memahami agama, baik untuk kondisi terkini yang terkait dengan
kondisi kontekstual maupun membaca ayat secara tradisional yang hanya merujuk
pada literatur makna teks ayat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abû Ya’qûb Al-Kindî menulis dalam <i>Fî
Al-Falsafah Al-Ûlâ</i>, filsafat adalah pengetahuan tentang realitas hal-hal
yang mungkin bagi manusia, karena tujuan puncak filosof dalam pengetahuan
praktis untuk berperilaku sesuai dengan kebenaran.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Al-Farabi, meskipun menerima definisi ini, menambahkan perbedaan antara filsafat
yang didasarkan pada kepastian atau keyakinan (<i>al-yaqîniyyah</i>)—yang
didasarkan pada demonstrasi (<i>burhân</i>)—dan filsafat yang didasarkan pada
opini atau dugaan (<i>al-mazhnûnah</i>)<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>—yang
didasarkan pada dialektika dan sofistri—kemudian menegaskan bahwa filsafat
adalah induk ilmu-ilmu dan mengkaji segala yang ada.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Semua ilmu senantiasa digandengkan
dengan filsafat, seperti filsafat sejarah, filsafat ekonomi, filsafat politik,
filsafat hukum dan lainnya. Tidak ritnggalan, ada pula filsafat hukum Islam. Filsafat
hukum Islam adalah filsafat yang menganalisis hukum Islam secara metodis dan
sistematis sehingga mendapatkan keterangan yang mendasar, atau menganalisis
hukum Islam secara ilmiah dengan filsafat sebagai alatnya.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ketika nama filsafat hukum Islam muncul,
pertanyaannya adalah bagaimana mengkaji dan memahami hukum Islam secara
kontemplatif. Apa yang hendak dicari dan ditemukan dalam hukum Islam, bagaimana
cara mencari dan menemukannya, untuk apa dicari dan ditemukan? Pemahaman
filosofis terhadap hukum Islam akan lebih sistematis dan logis sehingga
filsafat hukum Islam bukan materi filsafat, melainkan materi hukum Islam yang
dikaji secara filosofis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Filsafat ini bertugas
membicarakan hakikat dan rahasia hukum Islam. Termasuk dalam pembagian Falsafat
Syari’ah adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Asrar al-Ahkam</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
(Rahasia-Rahasia Hukum Islam)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Khasha al- Ahkam</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
(Ciri-Ciri Khas Hukum Islam)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mahasin al-Ahkam</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
atau <i>Majaya al-Ahkam</i> (Keutamaan-Keutamaan Hukum Islam)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Thawabi al-Ahkam</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">
(Karakteristik Hukum Islam)<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muatan filosofis yang terkandung dalam
filsafat hukum Islam bertumpu pada empat tujuan mendasar, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Agar landasan filosofis hukum Islam yang berkaitan dengan aspek
ubudiyah, muamalah, siyasah, dan jinayat dapat dipahami secara mendalam;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Semua aspek yang berkaitan dengan hukum Islam hakikatnya ditemukan
melalui pemahaman ontologis;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Asal-muasal hukum Islam secara epistemologi dapat dilukisjelaskan
secara rasional, sistematis dan radikal; dan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Fungsionalisasi hukum Islam secara pragmatis maupun realitas
merupakan bagian dari perlaku umat Islam yang menjalankan kaidah-kaidah
normatif dalam hukum Islam.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Objek kajian filsafat hukum Islam adalah
hukum Islam sendiri. Hukum Islam dibagi pada tiga macam masalah, yakni masalah
akidah, ibadah, muamalah. Masalah muamalah merupakan objek kajian paling
mendasar karena berkaitan dengan kehidupan sosial masyaralat, misalnya
berkaitan dengan perkawinan, pembagian waris, masalah <i>jinayah</i> (pidana
Islam), masalah politik, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Filsafat hukum Islam mengkaji asas-asas
pembinaan hukum Islam atau tolok ukur pembuatan fiqhiyah, salah satunya
mengkaji prinsip keadilan dan kemanusiaan yang menjadi prinsip hukum Islam.
Pendekatan yang digunakan untuk mengkaji hukum Islam adalah pendekatan
filosofis yuridis, yaitu menganalisis secara mendalam semua yang berkaitan dengan
hukum Islam secara ontologis, epistemologis dan aksiologis.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Filsafat Hukum Islam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Metode adalah suatu tata cara yang
berupa langkah-langkah yang harus dijalankan agar tercapai sesuatu tujuan
tertentu. Metode, dengan lain kata adalah tata cara, tehnik atau jalan yang
telah dirancang dan dipakai dalam proses memperoleh jenis pengetahuan. Hal ini
menyangkut pengetahuan penginderaan/akal sehat, pengetahuan humanis atau
historis, pengetahuan ilmiah atau filsafat. Dewasa ini terdapat berbagai macam
metode yang digunakan baik dalam filsafat maupun dalam jenis ilmu pengetahuan
yang lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Metode-metode filsafat adalah sejumlah
langkah yang digunakan oleh masing-masing filsuf. Perlu dipahami bahwa metode
setiap filsuf itu berbeda satu dengan yang lain. Di antara metode dalam
berfilsafat ialah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Ilmiah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Metode ilmiah adalah segenap metode yang
telah berhasil mendapatkan pengetahuan ilmiah. Metode ini terbagi menjadi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Deduktif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Metode Deduktif adalah suatu konsep
pemikiran yang berpokok pangkal pada pemikiran/idea dan dijelmakan dalam suatu
keadaan yang nyata. Ini berarti berasal dan kebenaran yang ada dalam pikiran
dan dicari pembuktiannya dengan keadaan pengalaman. Dengan demikian, bermula
dari suatu pengertian yang sifatnya umum dijelmakan pada peristiwa yang khusus.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Induktif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Metode induktif adalah kebalikan dari
metode deduktif. Induktif berula dari hal konkrik/individual ditarik dalam
suatu pengertia yang sifatnya umum. Dari suatu pengertian yang umum ditarik ke
dalam kesimpulan yang lebih umum.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Analisi Logis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Analisis logis adalah bentuk analisa
falsafati. Mengingat objek filsafat itu tidak faktawi yaitu berupa suatu
entitas pernyataan, maka analisis yang dimaksud adalah analisa struktur
pernyataan filsafati. Kattsoff menyatakan bahwa maksud pokok mengadakan
analisis adalah melakukan pemeriksaan secara konsepsional atas arti
istilah-istilah yang dipergunakan dari penyatuan yang dibuat. Pemeriksaan ini
mempunyai dua segi. Pertama, mungkin mencoba untuk memperoleh art baru yang
terkandung di dalam istilah-istilah yang bersangkutan. Atau kedua, mungkin
menguji istilah-istilah itu melalui penggunaannya atau dengan melakukan
pengamatan contoh-contohnya.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Analogi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Metode ini merupakan perbandingan
satuhal tertentu dengan hal lain yang serupa. Membandingkan objek tidak asal
dibandingkan, tetapi yang ada kemiripannya. Analogi menjadi penting setelah
timbulnya kesadaran akan terbatasnya akal manusia, sementara objek selalu
berubah disamping manusia sendiri bersifat dinamis.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Fenomenologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fenomenologi merupakan metode untuk
memahami realitas dengan pikiran yang rasional melalui sinar atau gejala.
Gejala itu selalu menunjuk kepada dua hal; ke arah yang ada di luar dan ke arah
kesadaran manusia. Dalam hal ini yang harus diperhatikan adalah gejala yang
masuk ke dalam kesadaran. Untuk itu kesadaran manusia kemudian mengadakan
proses Reduksi Fenomenologi I. Proses ini adalah pembersihan atas gejala yang
nyata dan yang semu (tidak nyata). Dicari gejala yang berasal dari sumber
aslinya. Tingkat selanjutnya ialah proses Reduksi Fenomenilogi II, yaitu
kesadaran mengenali objek. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesadaran manusia, proses selanjutnya
mencari hakekat dari realitas (objek) tadi disebut <i>Numata</i> atau <i>Numin</i>.
Ini berarti mencari hal yang tetap dari objek tadi. Di sinilah kesadaran
menusia kemudian mengenal hakekat yang sebenarnya. Demikianlah fenomenologi
sebagai metode dipelopori oleh seorang filsuf Jerman, Edmund Husserl.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Refleksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Refleksi hampir sama dengan introspeksi
tetapi kalau introspeksi itu hanya mengontrol diri sendiri sedang refleksi
sesudah mengontrol diri kemudian dipergunakan untuk menghadapi objek. Proses
terjadi kerena tersentuh oleh objek yang berada diluarnya. Jika dilukiskan
bentuknya seperti sistem yang terbuka. Ini berarti ada masukan olahan dan
proyeksi. Refleksi sangat penting bagi setiap ahli karena merupakan pemikiran
matang yang sebenarnya. Jadi dengan mencoba memeriksa diri sendiri,
mengevaluasi diri untuk dapat diterapkan kepada hal lain yang kemudian
menimbulkan kesadaran kesadaran akan kenyataan dan kebenaran.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Intuitif <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Intuitif dalam hal ini dianggap sama
artinya dengan intuisi. Intuisi berasal dari kata <i>intuitio</i> dan ini dari <i>intereri</i>
yang artinya kurang lebih menimbang atau menilai. Pengetahuan intuitif berbeda
dengan pengetahuan ilmiah. Pengetahuan intuitif merupakan pengetahuan yang
diperoleh secara langsung. Sebagai metode, filsuf Prancis, Henry Bergseon, yang
menganggap bahwa segenap pengetahuan itu bersifat terpisah-pisah. Ini berarti
realitas itu diterima manusia sepotong-potong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Objek materiil yang diterima menusia
lewat panca indera maupun lewat akal tidak lengkap. Metode intuisif merupakan
suatu kegiatan penalaran (<i>cognitia</i>) langsung dengan seluruh aspeknya.
Jadi dalam hal ini merupakan kemampuan untuk memahami kebenaran secara total,
spontan tanpa melalui penalaran logis terlebih dahulu. Metode ini digunakan
untuk memahami realitas yang sifatnya kompleks. Metode ini menjadi penting
artinya karena timbulnya kesadaran akan kemampuan manusia yang tidak sempurna
dalam menghadapi sesuatu. Tingkat kebenaran pengetahuan ini terbukti dengan
sendirinya (<i>self evident</i>).<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Analisis Bahasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Metode analisis bahasa, dalam hal ini
titik berat pada segi pemakian bahasa. Ini berarti filsuf harus kritis dalam
menggunakan bahasa. Akan tetapi sering hal ini mementingkan segi bahasa atau
perincian kata yang justru sering tidak membahas masalahnya.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Metode Kebidanan Socrates<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Metode kebidanan Socrates, Socrates
mencoba memahami filsafat ini dengan cara seperti bidan akan menolong kelahiran
bayi. Ia mencoba melacak penggunaan bahasa dan mencoba menafsirkan suatu arti
terus-menerus hingga akhirnya akan menemukan hakiki yang dicarinya.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika metode berfilsafat diartikan sebagai
cara bagaimana berfilsafat, maka penulis mencoba menggali hal tersebut sehingga
menemukan metode berfilsafat yang sudah diarahkan dalam Al-Qur’an, yakni pada
QS An-Nahl (16): 11 hingga 15. Pada tiap akhir dari lima ayat tersebut, kita
dapat menggunakannya sebagai proses berfilsafat atau cara berpikir yang baik,
sesuai dengan apa yang telah Allah arahkan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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" o:spid="_x0000_s1031" strokecolor="black [3200]" strokeweight="2pt" style="height: 9.75pt; left: 0; margin-left: 231.6pt; margin-top: 14.55pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; v-text-anchor: middle; visibility: visible; width: 8.25pt; z-index: 251676672;" type="#_x0000_t13"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></v:shape></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" style="mso-ignore: vglayout;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Setelah memikirkan proses yang telah disampaikan di atas, maka penulis
merasa yakin bahwa ayat 11-15 Q.S. An-Nahl adalah metode yang dapat digunakan
dalam berfilsafat, baik filsafat keagamaan (filsafat Islam maupun filsafat
hukum Islam) maupun filsafat umum. </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Untuk itu,
pola pemikiran filsafat yang berarti berpikir secara mendalam dan komprehensif
dapat diaplikasikan ketika menelaah suatu dalil (nash atau hadis). Hal ini
disebabkan </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">akal tak akan
enggan menerima pengetahuan wahyuni. Sebaliknya, wahyu pun tidak mungkin
membuka diri bilamana akal ditanggalkan, sebab keduanya merupakan bukti ilahi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Khususnya tentang kebebasan akal dan
logika, filsafat hukum Islam menempatkannya secara proporsional. Di mana akal
dengan potensi luarbiasa dibebaskan untuk berkarya dan berpikir dalam
penderivasian hukum dengan naungan dan sinaran wahyu. Oleh karena itu, tidak
akan terjadi pengagungan akal, bahkan sampai menuhankannya, ataupun
mendiskreditkannya untuk di “kerangkeng” untuk tidak berinisiatif dan jumud. Kemajuan
dan tantangan zaman yang berkembang akan menuntut mobilisasi akal dalam
merespon dan memberi solusi atas berbagai tantangan tersebut dengan
ijtihad-ijtihad yang digariskan ushul fikih, tanpa harus menanggalkan kekuatan
iman. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kemudian seorang imam madzhab fikih yang
dikenal dengan <i>ahl al-ra’y </i>(ahli logika), Abu Hanifah, meskipun dikenal
dengan kepiawaiannya dalam berlogika, tetapi ia bukan seorang yang
mengedepankan akal atas nash Al-Qur’an dan al-Sunnah.”<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Jelas
hal ini menunjukan bahwa imam Abu Hanifah mengikuti hirarki otoritas dalam
epistemologi Islam. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan konsep dan sumber hukum Islam
yang khas, akan menafikan adanya penyimpangan dan kesalahan dalam memproduksi
hukum. Segala jenis ilmu dari berbagai sumber referensi ilmu, baik al-Sunnah,
pengalaman, akal, atau intuisi disesuaikan dengan standar Al-Qur’an. Oleh
karena Al-Qur’an tidak ada persinggungan sedikit pun di dalamnya, baik isi
lafaz atau pun maknanya, berdasarkan firman Allah Ta’ala: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: -.05pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; unicode-bidi: embed;">
<span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">&</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ã</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">/</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">ä</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">à</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">)</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ø</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">4</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">t</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">b</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">%</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">.</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ô</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">B</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ã</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Î</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ö</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">x</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">î</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">«</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">!</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">(</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">r</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">ß</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">y</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">`</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">u</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">q</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">s</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">9</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">m</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ù</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">ÿ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">»</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">n</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">=</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">F</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">÷</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;">$</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">#</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Z</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB4; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB4;">Ï</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB1; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB1;">W</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB5; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB5;"></span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">2</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ç</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ñ</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">Ë</span></span><span dir="LTR" lang="IN" style="font-family: HQPB2; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-font-family: "Traditional Arabic"; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: HQPB2;">È</span></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>
</span><span lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Traditional Arabic","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>“Maka apakah mereka tidak
memperhatikan Al-Qur’an? kalau kiranya Al-Quran itu bukan dari sisi Allah,
tentulah mereka mendapat pertentangan yang banyak di dalamnya.”</span></i><a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> {Q.S. An-Nisa (4):82}<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Maka dalam menyeleksi tafsir
ataupun <i>istinbat </i>(derivasi) hukum pun disesuaikan dengan Al-Qur’an.
Kemudian </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">melihat bahwa
sesungguhnya filsafat ada dalam kehidupan sehari-hari tentu kita tidak dapat
mengabaikannya meskipun kita tak mengatakannya sebagai filsafat. Sebagaimana
telah disampaikan dalam karakteristik berfikir filosofik di atas, maka
sesungguhnya proses berijthad sesungguhnya adalah bagian dari berfilsafat itu.
Bagaimana dalam menetapkan suatu hukum yang baru, ulama memerlukan konsesnus
dari beberapa ahli sebagai masukan pertimbangan dalam penetapan hukum. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tujuan Filsafat Hukum Islam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mulla Sadra mengkritisi pemikiran filsafat Islam ke dalam
pendekatan sintesis akhir berbagai pemikiran filsafat. Basis utama pemikirannya
yaitu bertumpu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Al-Qur’an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-Sunnah,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>filsafat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>peripatetik,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>iluminatif,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sunni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>syi’i<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>serta irfani (gnosis).
Mulla<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sadra membuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sistesis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>secara menyeluruh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kemudian ia namakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>al-hikmah al-muta’aliyah</i>. Mulla Sadra
merasa yakin bahwa ada tiga jalan terbuka bagi manusia untuk memperoleh
pengetahuan; wahyu, akal<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>intelektual<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(<i>‘Aql</i>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>visi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>batin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pencerahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(<i>kasyf</i>).<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Indra lahiriah semata tidak cukup untuk kehidupan bermasyarakat, maka dari itu
manusia dibekali dengan akal yang mengarahkannya ke jalan-jalan kehidupan,
melindunginya dari kekeliruan dan penyimpangan, serta mengoreksi baginya
kesalahan-kesalahan indrawi dan mencegahnya tergelincir dalam arus hawa nafsu.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhatian utama para filsuf adalah
bagaimana memahami permasalahan filsafat dan menemukan jawabannya, entah apa
pun manfaat praktisnya. Pada umumnya, para filsuf setuju bahwa upaya mencari
dan mencapai pengetahuan itu sendiri merupakan tujuan yang penting. Usaha itu
semata-mata menggambarkan suatu harsat untuk menyelidiki sauatu permasalahan
filsafat demi permasalahan itu sendiri.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Orang awam membuktikan sesuatu dengan
cara-cara retorik (emosional). Para teolog membuktikannya dengan cara-cara dialektik
(hipotetik). Sedangkann pada filsuf dengan cara argumentatif (aksiomatik)<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.
Itulah tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam berfisafat. Sehebat apa pun suatu
pemikiran, kalau berupa pemikiran semata, hanya akan memperkaya wacana-wacana
yang bersifat abstrak dan melangit, terkadang kabur tanpa meninggalkan bekas
sama sekali. Pemikiran memiliki pasangan atau sambungan yang keduanya harus
bergerak sinergis, yaitu aksi atau tindakan riil.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Realitas Al-Qur’an dan wahyu yang bisa
diakses oleh manusia, mestilah menduduki posisi sentral bagi seseorang yang
hendak berfilsafat di Dunia Islam. Hal ini kan mengarahkannya pada sejenis
filsafat yang menempatkan kitab wahyu bukan hanya sebagai sumber-tertinggi
pengetahuan bagi hukum-hukum keagamaan, melainkan juga bagi hakikat eksistensi
dan sumber segala eksistensi.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Sebab intisari filsafat Islam berada di seputar wacana bagaimana para filosof
Islam menafsirkan doktrin tauhid.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manfaat Filsafat Hukum Islam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Falsafah ialah ilmu istimewa yang mencoba menjawab masalah-masalah
yang tidak dapat dijawab oleh ilmu pengetahuan biasa, karena masalah-masalah
termaksud berada di luar atau di atas jangkauan ilmu pengetahuan biasa.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Orang
yang berpikir ilmiah tidak akan terjebak atau terpengaruh oleh hal-hal yang
tidak masuk akal.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Studi filsafat hukum Islam berguna untuk menjadikan hukum Islam sebagai sumber
hukum yang tidak kering bagi perundang-undangan dunia.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Di antara manfaat mempelajari filsafat hukum Islam antara lain adalah:<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menjadi tahu
mengenai pengertian tentang filsafat hukum Islam dan objek kajiannya;<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menjadikan
filsafat sebagai pendekatan dalam menggali hakikat sumber dan tujuan hukum
Islam;<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dapat membedakan kajian ushul fiqh dengan filsafat terhadap hukum
Islam;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mendudukkan filsafat hukum Islam sebagai salah satu bidang kajian
yag penting dalam memahami sumber hukum Islam yang berasal dari wahyu maupun
hasil ijtihad ulama;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menemukan rahasia-rahasia Al-Qur’an syariat di luar maksud
lahiriahnya;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memahami illat hukum sebagai bagian dari pendekatan analitis
tentang berbagai hal yang membutuhkan bawaban hukumnya sehingga pelaksanaan
hukum Islam merupakan jawaban terhadap situasi dan kondisi yang terus berubah
dinamis;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Membantu mengenali unsur-unsur yang harus dipertahankan sebagai
kemapanan dan unsur-unsur yang menerima perubahan sesuai dengan tuntunan
situasional.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan begitu, kehadiaran filsafat hukum
Islam diharapkan mampu memberi nuansa tersendiri agar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pelaksanaan hukm Islam dalam tumbuh dan
berlajan di masyarakat. Sebab, masyarakat yang bahagia ialah masyarakat yang
didukung jalinan hubungan cinta kasih anatar sesama manusia, dalam semangat
cinta kasih Ilahi yang suci.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Untuk mendapat kesadaran sepert itu (hikmah) kita jangan melihat sesuatu secara
terpotong dan terpisah.<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berdasarkan pembahasan sederhana yang di
atas, penulis ingin mengambil kesimpulan bahwa mempelajar dan mempraktikkan
filsafat hukum Islam adalah hal yang sangat penting dilakukan. Sebab, hal ini
terkait dengan aplikasi hukum Islam itu sendiri. Mengetahui hikmah tentang
suatu hukum dan mendalaminya tentu akan memberikan semangat tersendiri dalam
menjalankan hukum Islam yang tujuannya adalah mengatur kehidupan manusia dan
untuk kemaslahatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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<i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wa Allah a’lam.</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> The Liang Gie,
<i>Pengantar Filsafat Ilmu cetakan ke-4</i> (Yogyakarta: Liberty, 1999), h. 29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> A. Fauzie
Nurdin, <i>Pengantar Filsafat</i> (Jogjakarta: Panta Rhei Books, 2014), h. 29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> H.A. Dardiri, <i>Humaniora,
Filsafat, dan Logika</i> (Jakarta: Rajawali, 1986), h. 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M. Aenul Abied
Shah, <i>Islam Garda Depan: Mosaik Pemikiran Islam Timur Tengah</i>, (Jakarta:
Mizan, 2001), h. 256.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Hasan Hanafi
dan Muhammad Abid al-Jabiri, <i>Hiwar al-Masyriq wa al Magrib</i>, (Kairo:
Maktabah Madbuli, 1990), h. 24.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Abdullah
Saeed, <i>Al-Qur’an Abad 21</i> (Bandung: Mizan, 2016), h. 151<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ahmed Fouad
El-Ehwahy “<i>Al-Kindi</i>” dalam M.M. Sharif, <i>A History of Muslim
Philosophy</i> (1963), h. 424<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> M. Mahdi <i>Kitab
Al-Hurûf</i> (Beirut: T.P, 1969), h. 157<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Kitâb Jam’
Bain Ra’y Al-Hakîmain</i> (Hyderabad, 1968), h. 37</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <span style="color: #231f20;">Fathurrahman Djamil, <i>Filsafat Hukum Islam</i>,
(Jakarta: Logos Wacana Ilmu, 1997), h. 14</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Hasbi Ash
Shiddieqy, <i>Falsafah Hukum Islam, </i>(Semarang: Pustaka Rizki Putra, 2001),
h.25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Beni Ahmad
Saebani, <i>Filsafat Hukum Islam</i> (Bandung: Pustaka Setia, 2008), h. 20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>,
h. 61<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> A. Fauzie
Nurdin, <i>Loc.Cit</i>., h. 50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>,
h. 64<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>,
h. 66<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>,
h. 69<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn18" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref18" name="_ftn18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>,
h. 71<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn19" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref19" name="_ftn19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn20" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref20" name="_ftn20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>,
h. 74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn21" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref21" name="_ftn21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>,
h. 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn22" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref22" name="_ftn22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Thaha Jabir al-‘Ulwani,
<i>Ushul al-Fiqh, </i>h. 77 dalam Nirwan Syafrin, “<i>Konstruk Epistemologi
Islam; Telaah Bidang Fiqh dan Ushul al-Fiqh</i>” dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jurnal <i>ISLAMIA, </i>thn II, no. 5,
April-Juni 2005, h. 41</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn23" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref23" name="_ftn23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Kementrian
Agama Republik Indonesia, <i>Al-Qur’an dan Terjemahnya</i> (Jakarta: Tehazed, 2010),
h. 118<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn24" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref24" name="_ftn24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ahmad Tafsir, <i>Filsafat
Umum. Akal & hati Sejak Thales Dan James</i>, cet. 3, (Bandung: Remaja
Rosdakarya, 1993), h. 192<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn25" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref25" name="_ftn25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Wahbah
az-Zuhaili, <i>Tafsir Al-Munir Jilid 1</i> (Jakarta: Gem Insani, 2013), h. 36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn26" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref26" name="_ftn26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mark B.
Woodhouse, <i>Berfilsafat: Sebuah Langkah Awal</i> (Yogyakarta: Kanisius,
2006), h. 36<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn27" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref27" name="_ftn27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Ali Harb, <i>Hermeneutika
Kebenaran</i> , h. 142<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn28" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref28" name="_ftn28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Mujamil Qomar,
<i>Fajar Baru Islam Indonesia</i> (Bandung: Mizan, 2012), h. 216<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Seyyed Hossein
Nasr, Oliver Leaman; editor, <i>Ensiklopedi Tematis Filsafat Islam</i>
(Bandung: Mizan, 2003), h. 37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Ibid</i>,
h. 43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Dedi
Supriyadi, <i>Pengantar Filsafat Islam (</i>Bandung: Pustaka Setia 2013), h. 29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Imam
Suprayogo, <i>Menghidupkan Jiwa Ilmu</i> (Jakarta: PT. Elex Media Komputindo,
2014), h. 26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Juhaya S.
Pradja, <i>Filsafat Hukum Islam</i> (Bandung: Yayasan Piara, 1997), h. 32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Miftahul Huda,
<i>Filsafat Hukum Islam </i>(Ponorogo: IAIN Ponorogo, 2006), h. 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Nurcholis
Majid, <i>Keislaman yang Hanif</i> (Depok: Imania, 2013), h. 71<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/Filsafat%20Hukum%20Islam/makalah%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Komaruddin
Hidayat, <i>Ungkapan Hikmah</i> (Jakarta: Noura Books, 2013), h. 104<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-59600685106342739552019-11-14T06:11:00.002-08:002019-11-14T06:11:36.877-08:00Tafsir Ilmu dan Kontribusinya Dalam Membumikan Hukum Alquran<br />
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">TAFSÎR</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> ILMU DAN KONTRIBUSINYA <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DALAM
MEMBUMIKAN HUKUM <i>AL-QUR’ÂN</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’ân Al-Karîm adalah mu’jizat Islam yang kekal dan mu’jizatnya
yang selalu diperkuat oleh kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan. Ia diturunkan kepada
Rasul Muhammad SAW., untuk mengeluarkan manusia dari suasana yang gelap menuju
yang terang, serta membimbing mereka kejalan yang lurus.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Semua orang sepakat bahwa fungsi Al-Qur’ân diturunkan kepada manusia supaya
mereka mendapat petunjuk (<i>hudan li al-nâs)</i> dalam mengarungi hidup ini
dan member jalan keluar dari kegelapan dan ketersetaraan.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut M. Quraish Shihab, ada tiga
pokoh tujuan diturunkannya Al-Qur’ân, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memberikan
petunjuk mengenai aqidah dan kepercayaan yang harus dianut oleh manusia yang
tersimul dari adanya iman kepada Allah dan hari kiamat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memberikan
petunjuk mengenai akhlak yang mulia yang harus diikuti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Memberikan
petunjuk mengenai Syarî’ah dan hukum baik yang berhubungan dengan Allah<i> </i>(<i>habl
minallâh</i>) dan berhubungan dengan manusia (<i>habl min al-nâs</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Namun fungsi
Al-Qur’ân yang demikian mulia dan sangat ideal itu tidak begitu saja dapat
tercapai, jika umat tidak bisa memahami ajaran-ajarannya. Hal itu disebabkan
sebagian ayat-ayat Al-Qur’ân bersifat global, mutlak, <i>homonium</i> dan lain
sebagainya yang tentunya membutuhkan penjelasan atau penafsiran.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dari tinjauan aspek ilmu hukum, Al-Qur’ân bukanlah kitab hukum dan
bukan pula kitab undang-undang yang siap untuk diterapkan pada suatu tempat dan
suatu komunitas tertentu. Syarî’ah bersifat global, universal dan tidak berubah,
dan ia tidak tersusun secara sistematis sebagaimana sebuah kitab undang-undang.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Tafsîr ilmu dan kontribusinya dalam membumikan hukum Al-Qur’ân merupakan salah
satu bentuk kontribusi dalam membumikan hukum Al-Qur’ân secara ilmiah, yang
dalam hal ini pemakalah mengambil salah satu tema tentang penyusuan (<i>radhâ’ah</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MENYUSUAN <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(<i>RADHÂ’AH</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pengertian dan Dalil tentang <i>Radha’ah</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Air Susu Ibu (ASI) adalah makan yang
terbaik bagi bayi karena pengolahannya telah berjalan secara alamiah dalam
tubuh si ibu. Sebelum anak lahir, makanannya telah dipersiapkan terlebih
dahulu. Begitu anak lahir, air susu ibu telah dapat dimanfaatkan, demikian
kasih saying Allah terhadap makhluk-Nya.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menyusui dikenal dengan <i>radhâ’ah</i>, yang secara bahasa adalah
suatu nama untuk isapan atau sedotan air susu dari susu (<i>sadyu)</i>, baik
susu manusia, maupun susu binatang. Dalam istilah fikih, <i>radhâ’ah </i>berarti
sampainya air susu manusia dalam kerongkongan anak-anak. Yang menjadi tolak
ukurnya adalah sampainya air susu kedalam kerongkongan anak yang menyusui lewat
susu (<i>sadyu </i>atau putting).<span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[6]</span></span></a></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Artinya:</span><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">
</span><i><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Para
ibu hendaklah menyusukan anak-anaknya selama dua tahun penuh, Yaitu bagi yang
ingin menyempurnakan penyusuan. dan kewajiban ayah memberi Makan dan pakaian
kepada Para ibu dengan cara ma'ruf. seseorang tidak dibebani melainkan menurut
kadar kesanggupannya. janganlah seorang ibu menderita kesengsaraan karena
anaknya dan seorang ayah karena anaknya, dan warispun berkewajiban demikian.
apabila keduanya ingin menyapih (sebelum dua tahun) dengan kerelaan keduanya
dan permusyawaratan, Maka tidak ada dosa atas keduanya. dan jika kamu ingin
anakmu disusukan oleh orang lain, Maka tidak ada dosa bagimu apabila kamu
memberikan pembayaran menurut yang patut. bertakwalah kamu kepada Allah dan
ketahuilah bahwa Allah Maha melihat apa yang kamu kerjakan”.</span></i><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> (QS. Al-Baqarah:
233).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ayat ini
bersangkutan dengan ayat sebelumnya QS. Al-Baqarah ayat 232,<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> yaitu printah dari Allah
SWT., tentang masa <i>iddah </i>bagi wanita yang ditalak oleh suami, sebagai <i>khabar
mubalaghah </i>yang berarti sunah/<i>nadb.</i> Namun menjadi wajib bagi seorang
wanita untuk menyusuinya apabila si anak belum pernah minum asi kecuali dari
ibunya tersebut. Adapun dua tahun hanya sebagai batas kesempurnaan <i>radh</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">â</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">’ah
</span></i><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bagi
seorang ibu yang menginginkannya.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Menurut Muhammad Al</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">î</span><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Al-Shab</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">û</span><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ny
dalam Tafsir </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Â</span><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">â</span><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">t<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Ahk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">â</span><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">m,
bataan dua tahun adalah batasan bagi seorang wanita yang ditalak suaminya untuk
menyempurnakan <i>rahd</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">â</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">’ah
</span></i><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">selama
dua tahun.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dijelaskan
oleh Imâm Abî Al-Fadâ’ Al-Hâfidz dalam Tafsir Al-Qur’an Al-Adzîm bahwa batasan
dua tahun menyusui adalah isyarah atau petunjuk dari Allah SWT., sebagai batasa
kesempurnaan. Yang dalam artian bahwa setelah berumur dua tahun tidak
dipaksakan bagi ibu untuk menyusui anaknya. Maka kebanyakan ulama berpendapat
bahwa tidak diharamkan bagi orang tua apabila tidak menyusui anak kurang dari
dua tahun.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sayyid Sabiq
mengatakan bahwa apabila seorang wanita menyusui seorang anak, maka jadilah
suaminya menjadi ayah bagi anak yang menyusui itu, dan saudara suaminya menjadi
paman bagi anak tersebut. Permasalahan yang diselisihkan oleh para fuqaha’
ialah berapa lama si bayi itu menyusui sehingga menimbulkan konsekuensi hukum
di atas. Mereka bersepakat bahwa usia anak yang dapat menyusui yang menjadi
penghalang nikah <i>mahrâm </i>adalah dua tahun.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Karena itu, Imam Abu Hanifah, Imam
Malik, Al-Syafi’i dan sejumlah fuqaha’ lainnya berpendapat bahwa penyusuan anak
yang besar (dewasa) tidak menyebabkan kemahraman nikah. Namun demikian fuqaha
Al-Dhahiri berpendapat sebaliknya, menurut mereka penyusuan anak yang sudah
besar (dewasa) juga menyebabkan keharaman nikah, sebagaimana penyusuan terhadap
anak kecil. Silang pendapat ini hanya menyangkut anak di atas dua tahun.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "\(normal text\)"; mso-fareast-font-family: "\(normal text\)";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Studi tentang Praktek <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Radh</i></span></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">â</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">’ah</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "(normal text)","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Praktek pemberian susu formula (susu
hewan, bukan ASI) baru muncul setelah abad 20. Fenomena ini muncul saat
berkecemuknya Perang Dunia I, ketika wanita-wanita Eropa keluar (rumah) dan
terlibat kesibukan mengurusi perang. Hal ini semakin meningkat dengan serbuan
wanita-wanita Eropa ke Dunia Kerja. Hal ini berlangsung secara <i>massif</i>
dan mengalami penurunan draktis sebagai imbas peperangan. Namun setelah perang
dunia ke II usai, praktek pemberian susu formula pada bayipun kembali marak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sepanjang dekade 50-an dan 60-an
grafik produksi susu formula di Negara-negara produsen dan Negara-negara
industry namun sejak ermulaan decade 70-an sampai sekarang, perhatian terhadap
urgensi pemberian ASI ekslusif semakin tinggi akibat gencarnya publikasi
berbagai penelitian yang membuktikan berbagai manfaat menyusui dan bahaya susu
formula bagi anak-anak. Di negara-negara maju, kegairahan menyusui dari hari
kehari semakin meningkat, meskipun banyak rintangan yang menghadang,
diantaranya yang perbesar adalah pekerjaannya wanita di luar rumah dan tidak
adanya waktu untuk menyusui mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Inilah yang membuat lembaga-lembaga
Internasional menambah lama cuti wanita melahirkan dan menyusui yang semula
hanya dua minggu menjadi dua bulan, sambil mendirikan tempat-tempat penitipan
anak yang berlokasi dekat tempat kerja, sehingga memungkinkan seorang ibu yang
bekerja, sehingga memungkinkan seseorang ibu yang bekerja untuk menyusui
anaknya setiap tiga jam, kemudian masuk kerja.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aturan ini sudah mulai marakdi
Amerika Serikat. Banyak perusahaan dan dan institusi pemerintah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang menyediakan tempat yang refresentatif
untuk menyusui anak-anak mereka yang masih membutuhi ASI di saat jam-jam kerja
serta memperbolehkan wanita untuk menyusui anaknya selama tidak menghambat
pekerjaan dan mengurangi produktifitasnya. Bahkan aturan ini barangkali malah
bisa meningkatkan kinerja wanita tersebut karena ia bise berkonsentrasi dalam
pekerjaannya dan diganggu pikiran-pikiran tentang bayinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sementara itu, di Negara-negara
berkembang (Dunia Ketiga), ASI masih tetap menjadi sumber utama dalam menyusui
dan mensuplai nutrisi kepada anak-anak. Jika seorang ibu tidak bisa menyusui
anaknya karena suatu sebab, maka ibu-ibu yang lain akan melakukan ini, baik
dengan upah maupun dengan sukarela. Sampai pada fase tertentu, seorang anak
kadang menyusu pada ibunya, juga pada salah seorang kerabatnya atau
pembantunya, dan juga ia bisa menyusui pada lebih satu orang. Dulu hal ini
merupakan hal yang sangat umum. Nabi misalnya disusui oleh ibunya, Aminah bin
Wahab, lalu oleh Halimah Assa’diyah, juga oleh Tsuwaybah, budak Abu Lahab yag
dimerdekakannya ketika mendengar kabar suka cita kelahiran Muhammad SAW.,
sehingga setiap hari senin (hari kelahiran Nabi SAW.,) iapun mendaparkan
keringanan siksaan lantaran turut bergembira dengan kelahiran Nabi Muhammad
SAW.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bersamaan dengan gelombang
westernisasi, praktek menyusui bayi di dunia ketiga beransur-ansur mulai
menyusut. Perusahaan-perusahaan raksasa produsen susu formula sadar bahwa masa
depan mereka ada di Negara-negara dunia ketiga yang mempunyai kepadatan tingkat
penduduk dan kesuburan yang sama-sama tinggi. Kampanye, iklan, dan
propagandapun lancer mereka lakukan, sehingga pada permulaan decade delapan
puluhan angka penjualan produk susu formula mereka di Negara-negara dunia ketiga
yang miskin mencapai dua milyar dolar setiap tahunnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Perusahaan-perusahaan ini memainkan
peran penting dalam penurunan aktifitas menyusui bayi di dunia ketiga, di
samping memang adanya faktor lain yang turut memperparahnya, yaitu perubahan
nilai kehidupan, masifnya pendidikan para gadis, dan keluarnya wanita ketempat
kerja, para ibu tidak lagi menyusui bayinya dan menggantinya dengan botol dan
susu formula. Dalam satu penelitian di Chili (Amerika Latin) yang dilakkan
Marin dan kawan-kawan, dan hasilnya telah terbit dijurnal kedokteran Saudi
Arabia tahun 1981, ditemukan bahwa tahun 1940, 80 % kaum ibu member ASI
ekslusif kepada anaknya hingga usia enam bulan, namun sejak tahun 1974
kondisinya berubah draktis dan berbalik. 77% kaum ibu di daerah pinggiran
mengganti pemberian ASI ekslusif pada bayi mereka dengan botol dan susu
formula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sementara itu di Kerajaan Saudi
Arabia pada tahun 1967, Prof. Dr. Zuhair Al-Siba’i menemukan bahwa 90% kaum ibu
menyapih anak mereka pada akhir tahun kedua usia anak (atau usia gena dua
tahun), dan semua anak hamper sudah dipastikan emperoleh ASI ekslusifkurang
lebih pada enam bulan pertama kelahiran mereka. Namun memasuki tahun 1981,
kondisi ini berubah draktis. Resentasi ibu yang menyusui bayi mereka secara
penuh selama dua tahun semakin kecil dan terbatas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kecenderungan yang sama ditemukan
oleh para peneliti lainnya. Dalam penelitiannya tentang enyusuan bayi di
Tahamah, Saudi Arabia, Dr. Nasir memperoleh data bahwa mayoritas ara ibu hanya
menyusui anak mereka hanya beberapa bukan saja, dan selanjutnya mereka
menggantinya dengan botol dan susu formula. Angka resentasi mengalami penurunan
kecenderungan ini diperoleh oleh DR. Muniroh Bahasin dari studinya terhadap 198
anak di daerah timur ada tahun 1981, bahwa hanya 46% saja dari kaum ibu yang
menyusui bayinya, sementara sisanya menyerahkan urusan susu bayi pada susu
formula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam penelitian lain yang dilakukan
DR. Lulusan di Rumah Sakit Militer Riyadh pada tahun 1981 terlihat bahwa 41%
anak-anak mengkonsumsi susu formula ketika mereka menginjak usia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>enam bulan, dan 59% lainnya menyusu (ASI)
sekaligus mengkonsumsi susu formula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penelitian Janett dan Ilyas yang
melibatkan 150 belita di pusat-pusat pelayanan kesehatan Saudi menunjukkan
bahwa hanya 38% saja diantara mereka yang menyusu pada ibunya ketika mencapai
usia enam bulan, sedangkan sisanya minum susu dari botol.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penelitian serupa yang dilakukan oleh Dr.
Rufaidah Khasyaqaji dan Khalid Madani di Kawasan Barat Saudi juga memperlihatkan
bahwa praktek pemberian ASI ekslusif pada bayi setelah kelahirannya menurun
draktis hingga 90% hanya selang beberapa bulan saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sementara itu, pada penelitiannya di
Riadh (1983) tentang masalah ini, Dr. Haq menemukan bahwa gejala keengganan
menyusui bayi yang terebak luas dikalangan wanita dunia ketiga saat ini
disebabkan oleh faktor-faktor sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gelombang
westernisasi dan keterpengaruhan dengan budaya barat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pendidikan
semakin tinggi pendidikan seorang gadis, maka semakin sedikit peluang
kesediaannya menyusui anak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tren
wanita bekerja diluar rumah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tersedianya
susu formula dalam segala jenis serta gencarnya kampanye dan promosi
penggunaanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Saat mempresentasikan makalahnya
tentang sejarah dan cenderung menyusui dalam sebuah seminar tentang penyusuan
bayi yang diselenggarakan di Rumah Sakit Khusus King Faisal di Riyadh (1983),
Deborah Hiphaty menyebutkan bahwa perusahaan-perusahaan susu formula memainkan
peranan pentinga, dan masih bermain, dalam menurunkan gairah menyusui bayi
diberbagai Negara berkembang, satu hal yang menambah persoalan menjadi semakin
kompeks adalah apa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dilakukan oleh
banyak rumah sakit yang justru menjauhkan bayi dari ibunya dan melarang si ibu
menyusuinya selama dua atau tiga hari pasca kelahiran. Alih-alih disusui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ibunya dengan ASI, si bayi malah diberi botol
berisi cairan glukosa dan susu formula. Lebih parah lagi, ketika si ibu keluar
dari rumah sakit, ia diberi satu pak kemasan susu formula, yang merupakan
pemberian atau kerjasama dengan perusahaan susu tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menurutnya faktor-faktor tersebuta adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tren
wanita kerja diluar rumah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Gelombang
westernisasi dan urbanisasi ke kota-kota.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Iklan
dan promosi yang begitu gencar dari berbagai perusahaan susu formula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penggunaan
obat pencegahan kehamilan (hermonia).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dr. Farih menyebutkan bahwa di kota Riyadh
sekarang ini sudah tersedia 38 merek susu formula. Bahkan dielosok pedesaan di
luar Riyadh tersedia lebih dari 12 merek susu formula. Hal ini, menurutnya,
merupakan salah satu faktor penting bagi menurunnya kegairahan menyusui bayi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam studi lanjut tentang penyusuan
yang dilakukan Dr. Muhammad Sikkit di Saudi, ditemukan bahwa 80%<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bayi setelah kelahiran langsung mendaatkan
nutrisi makanan dari botol (susu formula). Dan dosis konsumsinya mengalami
kenaikan 30% pada usia enam bulan, lalu meningkat lagi menjadi 60% ketika
mereka mencapai usia satu tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Studi lanjut ini juga menjelaskan
bahwa wanita buta huruf (tidak berpendidikan), menyusui bayinya rata-rata
selama 1 tahun 50 hari, sedangkan wanita berijazah Sekolah Dasar menyusui
selama 9 bulan, lalu menurun lagi 8 bulan setengah dikalangan wanita sekolah di
usia lanjutan. Dan ketika menggondol ijazah sarjana, tingkat menyusui
dikalangan wanita ini hanya 5 bulan saja. data ini cukup mengerikan dan
memberikan indikasi bahwa pendidikan yang berjalan di masyarakat tidak mencapai
tujuan yang diinginkan. Realita ini tentu saja menuntut untuk dilakukannya
pengkajian ulang terhadap metodologi-metodologi yang ada secara komprehensif.
Karena semestinya gairah menyusui bayi harus meningkat seiring dengan semakin
tingginya tingkat pendidikan seorang wanita, sebagaimana yang berlaku
sehari-hari di Eropa dan Amerika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manfaatnya menyusui bayi hamper tak
terhitung lagi jumlahnya. Slah satunya ditunjukkan oleh Dr. Sikkit dan
kawan-kawan, bahwa wanita yang hidup di daerah pinggiran (pedesaan) menyusui
bayinya selama 14 tahun, sementara yang hidup diperkotaan menyusui hanya selama
bulan setengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mereka juga mencatat bahwa semakin
besar penghasilan sebuah keluarga maka semakin singkat maka penyusuan bayinya.
Di keluarga yang berpenghasilan di bawah 25 dolar/bulan, kalau ibu menyusui
selama 14 bulan setengah, sementara dilingkungan keluarga yang berpenghasilan
lebih dari 1500 dolar/bulan, kaum ibunya hanya menyusui selama tujuh bulan saja.
sementara itu, ibu rumah tangga yang tidak bekerja di luar rumah menyusui
bayinya selama setahun sebulan, sedangkan wanita yang bekerja suasta maupun PNS
hanya menyusui selama enam bulan saja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Satu hal yang benar-benar anaeh,
berdasarkan temuan para peneliti, wanita yang melahirkan di rumah sakitmenyusui
selama Sembilan bulan setengah, sementara yang melahirkan di rumah menyusui
bayinya selama satu tahun 15 hari. Ini adalah gejala aneh yang menunjukkan
buruknya elayanan rumah sakit yang justru melarang ibu untuk menyusui bayinya
selama satu atau dua hari pasca kelahiran dan membekalinya dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>susu formula sebagai hadiah ketiki ia keluar
dari rumah sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Begitulah yang terjadi pasa dekade
80-an dan sekarang, atas anugrah Allah SAW., kondisinya telah berubah.
Rata-rata rumah sakit pemerintah maupun swasta kini memberikan instruksi kepada
ibu yang baru saja melahirkan untuk bersegera menyusui bayinya langsung,
setelah kelahirannya atau dipandang dari Islam. Rumah sakit juga mendukung dan
meneguhkan ibu-ibu untuk menyusui anak-anak mereka, serta tidak lagi mendapakan
dati formula titipan-titian perusaan susu kepada sebagian hadiah kepada ibu-ibu
yang keluar dari rumah bersalin. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Para peneliti ini menemukanpula
bahwa mereka yang menggunakan media-mediapencegah kehamilan hanya menyusui
selama tujuh bulan saja, sementara yang tidak menggunakannya menyusui selama
satu tahun dan duapuluh hari penuh. Dengan demikian jelas bahwa obat-obatan
pencegah kehamilan ini bisa memperkecil keluarnya air susu, dan hormon yang
dikandungnya terkadang juga bisa berpengaruh bagi bayi yang disusui.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Riset Dr. Sikkit dan kawan-kawan ini
jelas merupakan salah riset tentang penyusuan bayi yang paling berharga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan terbesar di Kerajaan Arab Saudi,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karena mencakup 12 ribu rumah dari kurun
waktu Januari hingga Juni 1985. Dalam dalam kurun waktu terjadi 2010 kelahiran
anak yang pengawasannya dilakukan selama dua tahun penuh. Karena itu, menurut
saya ini adalah riset tentang penyusuan yang paling komprohensip.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Sebagaimana diterangkan diatas,
bahwa air susu ibu itu merupakan makanan terbaik, maka setiap ibu tentu
menginginkan anaknya tumbuh subur dan sehat. Jika air susu wanita merupakan
salah satu unsure pokok yang dapat mewujudkan kesehatan tersebut, maka sangat
wajar jika para ibu memberikan bayinya air susu tersebut. Namun dijaman modern
sekarang ini,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bagi para ibu yang sibuk
dalam pekerjaanya memberikan asi secara langsung kepada anaknya bukanlah
perkara yang gampang. Dalam kondisi seperti ini tidak mustahil jika muncul
ibu-ibu yang menawarkan diri untuk menyusui, atau lahirnya sejumlah yayasan
atau lembaga penyusuan bayi. Selanjutnya juga tidak mustahil muncul Bank ASI
dan ASI kaleng yang diproduksi secara mekanik. Semua kemungkinan itu bisa
terjadi, dan jika itu terjadi tentu menimbulkan masalah hukum yang harus
difikirkan. Jasa penyusuan bayi dalam Islam sebenarnya bukan hal yang baru,
karena hal itu merupakan tradisi Arab zaman dahulu, nabipun ketika masih kecil
sudah diasuh dan disusukan oleh orang lain, yaitu Halimah Sa’diyyah. Pelaku ini
biasanya adalah para bangsawan Arab, sedangkan yang memberikan jasa susuan
adalah para wanita dari dusun.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">C.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <b>Nilai
Penting Penyusuan dan Manfaat-Manfaatnya</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peningkatan
kualitas SDM, dimulai sejak janin dalam kandungan, masa bayi, balita, anak-anak
sampai dewasa. Pemberian ASI pada bayi merupakan cara terbaik bagi peningkatan
kualitas SDM sejak dini yang akan menjadi penerus bangsa. ASI merupakan makanan
yang paling sempurna bagi bayi. Pemberian ASI berarti memberikan zat-zat gizi
yang bernilai gizi tinggi yang dibutuhkan untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
syaraf dan otak, memberikan zat-zat kekebalan terhadap beberapa penyakit dan
mewujudkan ikatan emosional antara ibu dan bayinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengingat
pentingnya ASI bagi kualitas generasi masa depan, UU ini mengatur tentang hak
mendapatkan ASI ekslusif bagi bayi selama enam bulan, kecuali atas indikasi
medis. ASI ekslusif adalah pemberian hanya air susu ibu selama 6 bulan, dan
dapat terus dilanjutkan sampai dengan 2 (dua) tahun dengan memberikan makanan
pendamping air susu ibu (MP-ASI) sebagai tambahan makanan sesuai dengan kebutuhan
bayi. Pemberian ASI harus didukung penuh oleh pihak keluarga, Pemerintah,
pemerintah daerah, dan masyarakat antara lain dengan penyediaan waktu dan
fasilitas khusus yang diadakan di tempat kerja dan tempat sarana umum (pasal
128). Untuk menjamin hak bayi untuk mendapatkan ASI eksklusif, pemerintah
bertanggung jawab menetapkan kebijakan berupa pembuatan norma, standar,
prosedur dan kriteria (pasal 129).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Namun
disayangkan ketentuan yang ideal ini menjadi ”cacat” dengan adanya pengecualian
pemberian ASI ekslusif, yakni atas indikasi medis. Penjelasan atas “indikasi
medis” dalam ketentuan ini adalah ’kondisi kesehatan ibu yang tidak
memungkinkan memberikan air susu ibu berdasarkan indikasi medis yang ditetapkan
oleh tenaga medis”. Dari berbagai hasil penelitian, tidak ada kondisi kesehatan
ibu yang menghalangi pemberian ASI apabila sang Ibu telah memiliki komitmen
untuk memberi ASInya secara ekslusif. Ketentuan ini terkesan mengada-ada dan
menjadi ”pasal karet” terlebih indikasi medis tersebut ditetapkan oleh tenaga
medis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebaliknya
pemberian ASI eksklusif terbukti memberikan dampak positif baik bagi anak
maupun bagi ibu menyusui sendiri. Bahkan menyusui meningkatkan kualitas hidup
ibu, yakni mengurangi resiko kanker payudara, kanker rahim, diabetes, osteoporosis,
dan overwight, mengurangi kegelisahan dan stress, serta merupakan KB alami.
Misalnya, dari 43 penelitian di 30 negara pada 147.000 ibu, resiko kanker
payudara lebih rendah pada ibu menyusui. Menyusui akan menurunkan 25% – 30%
resiko kanker payudara. Dalam ASI adanya zat Mediator “Innate Immune System”
termasuk defensin, cathelicidins dan TLRs (toll-like receptors). Innate Immune
System suatu zat kompleks dalam ASI yang memberikan perlindungan jaringan
payudara ibu terhadap kanker.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Badan Kesehatan Dunia (WHO)
menyebutkan bahwa sepuluh juta anak meninggal tia tahunnya di dunia ketiga
akibat berbagai penyakit system pencernaan dan diare. Kebanyakan penyakit ini
terjadi karena anak-anak meminum susu formula melalui botol yang proses
sterilisasinya tidak dijalankan sebagaimana mestinya, dan kadar susunyapun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkurang karena ditambahi air. Kondisi ini
mengakibatkan penderitaan lebih dari Sembilan juta anak dari kekurangan gizi
dalam jumlah yang sangat besar, sehingga membuat mereka rentan terkena berbagai
penyakit dan kematian dini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karena
itu organisasi-organisasi internasional yang <i>concern</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap persoalan anak-anak dan kesehatan,
seperti UNICEF dan WHO pun gencar mansosialisasikan pentingnya menyusui bayi,
bahwa pemberian ASI selama dua tahun, dengan ijin Allah SWT., akan
menyelamatkan lebih dari sepuluh juta anak yang minggal tiap tahunnya akibat
diare, gizi buruk, dan beragam penyakit lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jurnal
kedokteran terkemuka di Inggris, “Landset”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam salah satu editorialnya (1994) menulis bahwa penyusuan bayi bisa
menyelamatkan satu juta anak karena ia meningkatkan kualitas sistem kekebalan
tubuh (imunisasi). Angka ini diluar jutaan anak lain yang mungkin bisa
diselamatkan oleh penyusuan (pemberian ASI) dan jutaan lainnya yang meninggal
akibat diare dan penyakit-penyakit perut lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Golostrum
(air susu yang keluar setelah melahirkan dan berlangsung selama beberapa hari)
penting sekali buat kehidupan dan kekebalan bayi terhadap penyakit. Tidak
ditemukan seorangpun ulama kalasik yang menyadari pentingnya pemberian
kolostrum pada bayi kecuali golongan ulama madzhab Syafi’i yang mewajibkan ibu
untuk menyusui bayinya dengan kolostrum sebab pada umumnya bayi tidak akan bisa
hidup tanpa kolostrum tersebut, dan tidak ada cairan lain yang dapat
menggantikannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ini
merupakan pandangan visioner yang sangat mengagumkan, sebab kalangan medis
klasik, semisal Ibnu Sina (1980-1037), Al-Rozi (865 antara 923 dan 935), Ibu
Jazzar, Al-Kairowani, Al-Badadi dan lainnya, semua tidak berguna bagi anak, dan
ibu tidak boleh menyusui langsung kepada ibunya setelah melahirkan, akan tetapi
proses penyusuan baru boleh dimulai dari ketiga paska persalinan. Ironisnya,
teori aneh inilah yang sekarang berlaku secara massif dikalangan kedokteran
modern dan diberbagai rumah sakit. Begitu dilahirkan, bayi langsung dijauhkan
dengan ibunya selama 24 hingga 48 jam sebelum disusui. Tindakan salah, bahkan
sangan fatal ini terus berlangsung sampai dekade 70-an Abad ini di Eropa,
kemudian kesadaran ini mulai menyebar keberbagai Negara dunia ketiga pada
dekade 80-an.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Colostrums
susu kaya dengan protein dan zat glubiolinat imunitas yang memiliki khasiat
melawan dan mengusir berbagai penyakit. Dan yang paling banyak adalah
glubiolinat imunitas jenis A sekresal, yaitu protein penting untuk melawan
berbagai jenis bakteri dan berbagai virus, seperti virus polio, campak,
parotitis, dan virus radang otak Japang. Keunggulan colostrums karena ia
mengandung vitamin A, dan <i>concentred </i>khlor dan sodium. Ia juga memiliki
daya bercahar yang mengagumkan untuk membersihkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>usus anak-anak dan lanjutnya mengeluarkan
kotoran-kotoran yang apabila telah berada pada usus maka akan berbahaya pada
anak dan bisa menyebabkan usus buntu. Disampung itu, colostrums mengandung
sejumlah sel darah putih dan lymphoid yang berfungsi untuk melawan berbagai
macam penyakit, ditambah lagi dengan kandungannya yang memuat lebih dari
seratus enzim dan bermacam-macam mineral khususnya unsure zink, plus jumlah
vitamin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Manfaat-manfaat
penyusuan (ASI) sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagi
si bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Resiko
terserang gangguan infeksi akibat microba, karena ASI seteril dan siap diminum
kapan saja, berbeda halnya dengan susu formula yang kemungkinan mengandung
sebuah mikroba. Dengan begitu, menyusui bayi dapat menyelamatkan jutaan anak
yang harus meninggal karena gangguan mikroba ini setiap tahunnya, terlebih di
Negara-negara dunia ketiga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ASI
memiliki kandungan zat antibody, protein imunitas, dan sejumlah besar sel darah
putih yang berfungsi melawan berbagai penyakit, disanping mengandung berbagai
ratusan enzim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ASI
mengandung faktor penting yang merangsang pertumbuhan jenis bakteri yang
berguna yang bertempat di dalam usus, sehingga bisa melindungi anak dari
bermacam jenis penyakit system pencernaan, dan bakteri ini disebut milky
bacillus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ASI
mengandung bahan altrofelon penting yang melawan virus-virus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ASI
mengandung zat anti toksin yang menangkal berbagai jenis racun bateri kolera.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ASI
tidak menimbulkan alergi apalagi bagi anak, sementara alergi resiko dari anak
yang mengkonsumsi susu formula bisa mencapai 30%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ASI
miskin asam amino phenyl anine, sehingga anak-anak yang menderita penyakit
turunan yang disebut “hematuria phenyl ketone” pun tetap bisa menyusu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari ibu mereka pun tetap bisa dan mereka
tanpa harus takut terjadi komplikasi yang berbahaya. Anak-anak ini harus
dihindarkan sama sekali dari konsumsi susu formula karena ia mengandung
asam-asam amino phenyl anine dalam jumlah yang besar, kecuali ada makanan yang
benar-benar bebas dari asam amino ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ASI
kaya dengan zinc, sehingga anak-anak menderita penyakit turunan berbahaya tidak
akan mengalami gejala apapun selama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menyusu dari ibu mereka atau ibu-ibu lain. Pemberian asi dari anak-anak
yang menderita gejala ini harus dilakukan selama dua tahun, dan jika mereka mengkonsumsi
susu sapi, mereka akan terkena penyakit yang berbahaya sekali dan bisa membawa
kematian di usia kurang dari dua tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kematian
bayi relatif banyak terjadi ada anak yang menyusu dari botol dan susu formula,
sementara hal ini banyak terjadi pada anak yang mendapatkan ASI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dibandingkan
anak yang mengkonsumsi susu formula, jarang sekali anak-anak yang menyusu dari
ibu mereka yang menderita sembelit dan diare.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Menyusun
membantu pembentukan giji dam membuat tulang rahang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bayi kuat tanpa melengkung, sementara menelan
botol (dot) bisa menimbulkan kebengkakan rahang dan memperburuk pertumbuhan
gigi yang nantinya memerlukan proses erbaikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">l.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyusuan
efektif melindungi bayi dari sejumlah penyakit berbahaya, antara lain: diabetes
yang menyerang anak-anak (jenis pertama), pengerasan pembuluh darah (arterio
sclerolis), berupa jenis kanker dan obesitas (obesitas). Penyusuan juga bisa
memperkecil resiko terkena penyakit turunan yang dan berbahaya, misalnya
ascofibrosis, hematuria, phenyl ketone, penyakit keturunan zinc turunan, dan
penyakit siliak yang menyerang system pencernaan. Dibandingkan anak yang minum
susu formula dari botol, semua penyakit ini muncul dalam bentuk yang lebih
ringan pada anak yang menetek langsung dari payudara ibunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">m.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rechitis
(jenis penyakit tulang) tidak terjadi pada anak yang mendapatkan ASI, namun
penyakit ini menimpa pada jumlah yang tidak sedikit pada anak yang minum susu
formula. Asalnya, ASI (siapapun yang menyusui, entah ibu kandung atau ibu-ibu
yang lainnya) mengandung vitamin D dalam jumlah besar yang mempermudah penyerapannya,
berbeda dengan susu sapi (yang sudah formulasi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">n.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anak-anak
yang menyusu ibunya menyerap zat besi dalam jumlah yang lebih baik daripada
mereka yang minum susu sapi (formula), karena ASI mengandung bahan laktopharin
yang membantu penyerapan zat besi. ASI juga mengandung bhan berprotein lainnya
yang menyatu dengan besi yang bagian-bagian sel, sehingga besi tidak bisa bebas
sembarangan di dalam usus. Sudah maklum adanya bahwa besi yang bebas penting
artinya bagi pertumbuhan beberapa bakteri menyerang. Sehingga terhalangnya
bakteri ini untuk memperoleh zat besi bebas akan melemahkannya dan membuatnya
mudah dihancurkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Pemberian
nutrisi dengan susu formula kepada bayi dapat meningkatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jumlah hormone dalam tubuh anak, seperti
insulin, motolin dan neurotonsin. Padahal semua ini mempunyai relevansi dengan
bermacam-macam penyakit metabolism yang jamak terjadi pada anak yang
mengkonsumsi air susu sapi (formula) dan jarang terjadi pada anak yang menyusu
dari ASI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">p.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ASI
mengandung asam lemak unsaturated, baik mono unsaturated fats maupun
polyunsaturated fats. Asam-asam lemak yang terkandung dalam ASI ini penting
untuk membangun sistem saraf , sementara susu sapi (formula) mengandung asam
lemak jenuh yang nantinya dapat menimbulkan pengerasan pembuluh darah (arteriosclerosis)
dan obesitas. ASI juga mengandung beberapaenzim khusus yang membantu penguraian
lemak dan mempermudah penyerapan kalsium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">q.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ASI
memiliki beberapa kandungan logam yang dibutuhkan dalam jumlah yang
proporsional yang mempermudah penyerapannya. Sedangkan susu sapi mengandung
sejumlah yang lebih besar yang tidak berguna, dan limbah pembuangannya pun
rentan menimbulkan beban bagi ginjal anak. Karena itu anak-anak yang minum susu
sapi bubuk (formula) lebih rentan terhadap banyak penyakit ginjal daripada
anak-anak yang menyusu dari ibunya (atau wanita yang menyusui lainnya).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">r.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Banyak
manfaat psikologis bagi anak yang merasakan dekapan keibuan ketika ia menetek
payudara ibunya. Sejumlah studi menjelaskan bahwa anak-anak yang tidak menyusui
dari ibu mereka yang hanya minum dari botol (dot) lebih rawan terhadap berbagai
gangguan psikologis dan perilaku menyimpang. Angka kriminalitas, penyimpangan
psokologis dan prilaku, penggunaan narkoba, serta tindak criminal remaja dan
anak-anak pada batas apapun memiliki korelasi dengan kecanduan mereka pada
konsumsi susu formula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bagi
ibu dan masyarakat, menyusui secara alamiah akan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mendatangkan manfaat sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">ASI
sedah terjadi secara alamiah dan steril tanpa penyiapan dan jerih payah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Proses
penyususn bisa member sinyal kepada kelenjar bawah otak belakang (<i>pituitary
gland)</i> untuk mengeluarkan hormone eksitosin, yaitu hormone yang sangat
penting untuk mengembalikan rahim yang membesar setelah melahitkan ke ukuran
dan kondisi yang normal. Kemudian, ia juga mencegah pendarahan yang berlebihan
ketika masa nifas (saat setelah melahirkan) bisa dicegah, didamping bisa
melidungi ibudari demam nifas yang berbahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibu
menyusui bahwa bisa mangambil pelajaran dari perubahan seluruh tubuhnya
kebentuk yang normal ketika sebelum hamil, dan selanjutnya pengusunan akan
membanyu kecelakaan dan menjaga kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Banyak
peniliti menunduskan bahwa penyusuan memainkan fungsi preventuf dari kanker
payudara dan kanker rahim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyususn
menjaga ibu dari berbagai pengumpulan yang kadang terjadi pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masa nifas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyusun
yang sempurna pada enam bulan pertama (ASI eklusif) merupakan cara pencegahan
kehamilan yang terpenting dan terbaik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyusuan
oleh sang ibu dapat menghemat miliaran dolar setiap tahunnya yang selama ini
dikeluarkan untuk pembelian susu formula. Sebagai informasi, pada awal decade
80-an Negara-negara berkembang (dunia ketiga) mengimpor susu formula senilai
dua miliar dolar/tahun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyusuan
menghemat anggaran miliaran dolar AS setiap tahunnya yang selama ini digunakan
untuk pengobatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berbagai penyakit
berbahaya dan buruk akibat minum susu formula dari botol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyusuan
menyelamatkan kehidupan jutaan anak yang meninggal, berlebih di dunia ketiga
akibat tidak adanya pembasmian kuman, diare dan bermacam infeksi. Ini tidak
bisa ditaksir dengan harga, karena kehidupan satu anak lebih amahal dariapada
seluruh harta dunia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">j.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyusuan
menyelamatkan remaja dan anak-anak muda dari berbagai penyimpangan psikologis.
Dan ini mempunyai nilai sosiologis dan ekonomis yang berjumlah miliaran dolar
setiap tahunnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">k.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Penyusuan
memperkecil resiko terjangkitnya anak yang sudah baligh dari sejumlah penyakit
berbahaya, seperti pengerasan pembuluh darah (arteriosclerosis), diabetes,
kanker payudaram dan kanker rahim. Dan ini mempunyai manfaat kesehatan yang
maksimum serta nilai ekonomis yang mencapai miliaran dolar setiap tahun.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qur’ân bersifat global dan yuniversal, untuk itu diperlukannya
suatu penafsiran secara <i>tafsilî </i>untuk dapat membumikanya hukum-hukum
yang terkandung di dalamnya. Agar hukum Al-Qur’ân bisa bersifat ilmiah. Memang
Al-Qur’ân bukanlah hukum Islam atau kitab undang-undang yang dapat diterapkan
di suatu tempat tertentu, atau situasi tertentu. Namun lebih daripada itu,
Al-Qur’ân bersifat mutlak dan tidak berubah-ubah, hanya corak penafsiranlah
yang mendinamisasikan posisi Al-Qur’ân.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Secara logika berdasarkan konteks perkembangan
ilmu pengetahuan,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> kandungan
Al-Qur’ân yang berisikan sebuah peraturan yang berisikan<i> </i>(<i>min </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan <i>ples</i>) yaitu perintah dan larangan
dapat dibumikan dengan analisa mengunakan kemajuan <i>sains </i>dan <i>teknilogi</i>
yang ada, termasuk dalam hal <i>radhâ’ah.</i> Bahwa <i>radhâ’ah</i> dibuktikan
secara ilmiah memiliki manfaat yang luar biasa kepada anak berupa <i>colostrums</i>
susu kaya dengan protein dan <i>zat glubiolinat imunitas</i> yang memiliki
khasiat melawan dan mengusir berbagai penyakit, berupa <i>glubiolinat imunitas</i>
jenis A sekresal, yaitu protein penting untuk melawan berbagai jenis bakteri
dan berbagai virus, seperti virus polio, campak, <i>parotitis,</i> dan virus
radang otak Japang. Keunggulan <i>colostrums</i> karena ia mengandung vitamin
A, dan <i>concentred khlor</i> dan <i>sodium.</i> Ia juga memiliki daya <i>bercahar</i>
yang mengagumkan untuk membersihkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>usus
anak-anak dan lanjutnya mengeluarkan kotoran-kotoran yang apabila telah berada
pada usus yang berbahaya pada anak dan bisa menyebabkan usus buntu. <i>Colostrums</i>
mengandung sejumlah sel darah putih dan<i> lymphoid</i> yang berfungsi untuk
melawan berbagai macam penyakit, ditambah lagi dengan kandungannya yang memuat
lebih dari seratus enzim dan bermacam-macam mineral khususnya <i>unsure zink,</i>
plus jumlah vitamin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ahmad, Yusuf Al-Hajj. 2008. <i>Al-Qur’an Kitab Kedokteran Rahasia
Kemu’jizatan Sains, Fakta Ilmiah, Interpretasi Ilmiah, Referensi Ilmiah, Sisi
Kemu’jizatan, </i>Yogyakarta: Sajadah Press<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Aminuddin, Lutfi Hadi. 2008. <i>Tafsir Ayat Ahkam, </i>Ponorogo: STAIN
PO Press<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Baidhawy, Imâm Al-Muhaqqiqîn wa Qudwah Al-Mudaqqiqîn Al-Qâdhî
Nâsir Al-Dîn Abî Sa’îd ‘Abdillah Ibn ‘Umar bin Muhammad Al-Tsairâzy. 2003. <i>Tafsîr
Al-Baidhâwy, </i>Bairut: Dâr Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Bashir, Azhar. 1996. <i>Refleksi atas Persoalan Keislaman Seputar
Filsafat, Hukum, Politi dan Ekonomi, </i>Bandung: Mizan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dahlan, Q. Shaleh dan A. 2011. <i>Asbâb Al-Nuzu Latar Belakang
Historis Turunya Ayat-Ayat Al-Qur’anl, </i>Bandung CV. Penerbit Diponogoro<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Damasyqy, Imam Abî Al-Fadâ’ Al-Hâfidz Ibnu Katsir. 2004. <i>Tafsîr
Al-Qur’ân Al-Adzîm,</i> Bairut: Dâr Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah Manzûr, Ibnu. 1989. <i>Lisân
Al-‘Arab, </i>Bairut: Dâr Al-Fikr <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hasan, Ali. tt. <i>Masâ’il Fiqhiyyah Al-Hadîtsah pada
Masalah-Masalah Kontemporer Hukum Islam, </i>Jakarta: PT. Grafindo Persada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Nishabûnî, Abî Hasan ‘Alî Ibnu Ahmad Al-Wahdî. 1991. <i>Asbâb
Al-Nuzûl, </i>Bairut: Dâr Al-Fiqr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Qattân, Mannâ Khalîl. 2007. <i>Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Qur’an, </i>Jakarta:
Lirera Antar Nusa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Al-Shabûny, Muhammad Alî. 1999. <i>Tafsir
Âyât<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Ahkâm</i>, Bairut: Dâr Al-Kutub
Al-‘Ilmiyyah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Wahidah, Noor. tt. <i>Radha’ah dan Problematikanya di Dunia Modern,
</i>dalam Chuzaimah T. Yanggo, (editor), “Prolematika II”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yu’lâ, Abû. 1994. <i>Al-Ahkam
Al-Sulthaniyyah, </i>Bairut: Dâr Al-Fikr<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zuhaylî, Wahbah. 1989. <i>Al-Fiqh Al-Islâmî Wa Adillatuh, </i>Bairut:
Dâr Al-Fikr, 1989<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Zuhdi, Masfuk. 1997. <i>Masa’il Fiqhiyyah: Kapita Selekta Hukum
Islam,</i> Jakarta: PT. Toko Agung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mannâ Khalîl
Al-Qattân, <i>Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Qur’an, </i>(Jakarta: Lirera Antar Nusa, 2007),
h. 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibnu Manzûr, <i>Lisân
Al-‘Arab, </i>(Bairut: Dâr Al-Fikr, 1990), h. 504. Lihat juga Wahbah Zuhaylî, <i>Al-Fiqh
Al-Islâmî Wa Adillatuh, </i>(Bairut: Dâr Al-Fikr, 1989), h. 88<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tafsîr
</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berasal dari kata <i>fassara </i>yang berarti <i>al-îdâh</i>
(penjelasan), <i>al-bayân </i>(keterangan), <i>al-kashf </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(penyingkapan) dan <i>al-izhâr </i>(penampakan).
Secara terminilogi Al-Zarkasyî memberikan pengertian bahwa <i>tafsîr</i> ialah
ilmu yang dijadikan ayat untuk memahami kitab Allah yang diturunkan kepada Nabi
Muhammad SAW., dengan menjelaskan kandungan yang ada di dalamnya dan
mengistinbatkan hukum serta hikmah-hikmahnya. Lutfi Hadi Aminuddin, <i>Tafsir
Ayat Ahkam, </i>(Ponorogo: STAIN PO. Press, 2008), h. 3-4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Abû Yu’lâ, <i>Al-Ahkam
Al-Sulthaniyyah, </i>(Bairut: Dâr Al-Fikr, 1994), h. 88</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Azhar Bashir, <i>Refleksi
atas Persoalan Keislaman Seputar Filsafat, Hukum, Politi dan Ekonomi, </i>(Bandung:
Mizan, 1996), h. </span>173<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Masfuk Zuhdi, <i>Masa’il
Fiqhiyyah: Kapita Selekta Hukum Islam,</i> (Jakarta: PT. Toko Agung, 1997), h.
79<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dalam suatu
riwayat dikemukakan seorang laki-laki yang menceraikan strinya, kemudian
merujuknya sebelum habis masa iddahnya, terus menceraikannya lagi dalam maksud
menyusahkan dan mengikat istrinya agar tidak bisa kawin dengan yang lain maka
turunlah ayat tersebut. (diriwayatkan oleh Ibnu Jarîr Al-Aufi yang bersumber
dari Ibnu Abbas. Q. Shaleh dan A. Dahlan, <i>Asbâb Al-Nuzu Latar Belakang
Historis Turunya Ayat-Ayat Al-Qur’anl, </i>(Bandung CV. Penerbit Diponogoro,
2011), h. 80. Lihat juga Abî Hasan ‘Alî Ibnu Ahmad Al-Wahdî Al-Nishabûnî, <i>Asbâb
Al-Nuzûl,</i> (Bairut: Dâr Al-Fiqr, 1991), h.50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Imâm
Al-Muhaqqiqîn wa Qudwah Al-Mudaqqiqîn Al-Qâdhî Nâsir Al-Dîn Abî Sa’îd ‘Abdillah
Ibn ‘Umar bin Muhammad Al-Tsairâzy Al-Baidhawy, <i>Tafsîr Al-Baidhâwy, </i>(Bairut:
Dâr Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, 2003), h.124-125<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Muhammad Alî
Al-Shabûny, <i>Tafsir Âyât<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Al-Ahkâm</i>,
(Bairut: Dâr Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah, 1999), h. 245<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Imam Abî
Al-Fadâ’ Al-Hâfidz Ibnu Katsir Al-Damasyqy, <i>Tafsîr Al-Qur’ân Al-Adzîm,</i>
(Bairut: Dâr Al-Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah, 2004), h. 272<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibnu Rusydi, <i>Bidâyat
Al-Mujtahîd Wa Nihâyat Al-Muqtashid, </i>(Semarang: Usaha Keluarga, tt.), h. 27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ibid.,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> h. 27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> Noor Wahidah, <i>Radha’ah
dan Problematikanya di Dunia Modern, </i>dalam Chuzaimah T. Yanggo, (editor),
“Prolematika II”, h. 37-40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ali Hasan, <i>Masâ’il
Fiqhiyyah Al-Hadîtsah pada Masalah-Masalah Kontemporer Hukum Islam, </i>(Jakarta:
PT. Grafindo Persada, tt.), h. 162<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20tafsir%20tematik%202%20(sudah).docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Yusuf Al-Hajj
Ahmad, <i>Al-Qur’an Kitab Kedokteran Rahasia Kemu’jizatan Sains, Fakta Ilmiah,
Interpretasi Ilmiah, Referensi Ilmiah, Sisi Kemu’jizatan, </i>(Yogyakarta:
Sajadah Press, 2008), h. 353-369<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-77632151009737262962019-11-14T06:07:00.001-08:002019-11-14T06:07:16.950-08:00Makalah Politik Hukum Keluarga di Brunai Darussalam<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">POLITIK
HUKUM (KELUARGA) ISLAM DI BRUNAI DARUSSALAM<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendahuluan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Negara Brunei
mempunyai otoritas tidak hanya meliputi seluruh pulau Borneo tetapi juga
beberapa bagian pulau-pulau Sulu dan Fhilipina. Pada abad ke-18 dan ke-19
kekuasaan kesultanan Brunei mulai berkurang akibat adanya konsesi yang dibuat
dengan Belanda, Inggris, Raja Serawak, British North Borneo Company. Perlu
diketahui di Brunei Darussalam terjadi perjanjian kurang lebih sekitar lima
perjanjian yaitu; 1) Perjanjian pada tahun 1847 Sultan Brunei mengadakan
perjanjian dengan Inggris Raya untuk memajukan hubungan dagang dan penumpasan
para pembajak. 2) Perjanjian kedua pada tahun 1881 yaitu perjanjian negara
brunei berada dibawah proteksi Inggris Raya. 3) Perjanjian pada tahun 1856
intervensi Inggris dalam tulisan hukum Brunei (intervensi ) 4) Perjanjian pada
tahun 1888 tentang bidang kekuasaan kehakiman di Brunei (pembagian kekuasaan
kehakiman dengan pihak Inggris). 5) Perjanjian pada tahun 1906 tentang
kekuasaan dalam bidang hukum (kekuasaan intervensi perundangan-undangan,
pentadbiran keadilan, dan kehakiman, masalah negara dan pemerintahan ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perjanjian-perjanjian
tersebut menimbulkan efek yang sangat jelas bagi perkembangan hukum di negara
Brunei. Brunei Darussalam memiliki kekuasaan kehakiman yang terpisah yaitu
kekuasaan kehakiman Inggris dan kekuasaan kehakiman Brunei. Sungguh
mengherankan bukan suatu negara mempunyai kekuasaan kehakiman yang lain
disamping kekuasaan kehakiman Brunei. Disamping itu pula Inggris mempunyai
kekuasaan untuk intervensi dalam urusan perundang-undangan kehakiman masalah
negara terkecuali perkara-perkara agama islam. Terlihat jelas sekali bahwa
perjanjian-perjanjian denagan pihak Inggris banyak berdampak negatif yaitu
merugikan bangsa Brunei dalam hal mereka sebagai bangsa yang ingin
merdeka.faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan Brunei selalu terposok atau tersudut
dalam perjanjian kemungkinan karna lemahnya sultan dalam menghadapi
tekanan-tekanan Inggris dan juga lemahnya pengetahuan strategis politik sehingga
terjadi ketidak adilan dalam pembagian kekuasaan. Seperti pada etisi yang
diajukan pada Kesultanan Brunei kepada seluruh Jaya British pada 2 Juli 1986
dimana petisi itu berisi dua tuntutan dari kedua petisi hanya masalah nomor
satu yang disetujui oleh Inggris dan tidak dilanjuti dengan mengembangkan
Mahkamah Syari’ah sedangkan yang kedua ditolak karena isinya bertentangan
dengan isi perjanjian tahun 1906.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mahkamah syari’ah
Bunei hanya dibenarkan melaksanakan Undang-undang Islam yang berkaitan denagn
perkara-perkara kawin, cerai, dan ibadah (khusus). Sedangkan masalah yang
berkaitan dengan jinayah diserahkan kepada Undang-undang Inggris yang
berdasarkan Common Law England. Untuk seterusnya peraturan dan
perundang-undangan di Brunei terus-menerus mengalami perombakan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Silsilah kerajaan
Brunei didapatkan pada<i> Batu Tarsilah </i>yang menuliskan Silsilah Raja-Raja
Brunei yang dimulai dari Awang Alak Betatar, raja yang mula-mula memeluk agama
Islam (1368) sampai kepada Sultan Muhammad Tajuddin (Sultan Brunei ke-19,
memerintah antara 1795-1804 dan 1804-1807). Brunei adalah sebuah negara tua di
antara kerajaan-kerajaan di tanah Melayu. Keberadaan Brunei Tua ini diperoleh
berdasarkan kepada catatan Arab, Cina dan tradisi lisan. Dalam catatan Sejarah
Cina dikenal dengan nama <i>Po-li, Po-lo, Poni</i> atau <i>Puni </i>dan <i>Bunlai</i>.
Dalam catatan Arab dikenali dengan <i>Dzabaj</i> atau <i>Randj</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Catatan tradisi lisan
diperoleh dari <i>Syair Awang Semaun </i>yang menyebutkan Brunei berasal dari
perkataan<i> baru nah</i> yaitu setelah rombongan klan atau suku Sakai yang
dipimpin Pateh Berbai pergi ke Sungai Brunei mencari tempat untuk mendirikan
negeri baru. Setelah mendapatkan kawasan tersebut yang memiliki kedudukan
sangat strategis yaitu diapit oleh bukit, air, mudah untuk dikenali serta untuk
transportasi dan kaya ikan sebagai sumber pangan yang banyak di sungai, maka
mereka pun mengucapkan perkataan <i>baru nah</i> yang berarti tempat itu sangat
baik, berkenan dan sesuai di hati mereka untuk mendirikan negeri seperti yang
mereka inginkan. Kemudian perkataan <i>baru nah</i> itu lama kelamaan berubah
menjadi Brunei.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Replika stupa yang
dapat ditemukan di Pusat Sejarah Brunei menjelaskan bahwa agama Hindu-Buddha
pada suatu masa dahulu pernah dianut oleh penduduk Brunei. Sebab telah menjadi
kebiasaan dari para musafir agama tersebut, apabila mereka sampai di suatu tempat,
mereka akan mendirikan stupa sebagai tanda serta pemberitahuan mengenai
kedatangan mereka untuk mengembangkan agama tersebut di tempat itu. Replika
batu nisan <i>P’u Kung Chih Mu</i>, batu nisan Rokayah binti Sultan Abdul Majid
ibni Hasan ibni Muhammad Shah Al-Sultan, dan batu nisan Sayid Alwi Ba-Faqih
(Mufaqih) pula menggambarkan mengenai kedatangan agama Islam di Brunei yang
dibawa oleh musafir, pedagang dan mubaligh-mubaliqh Islam, sehingga agama Islam
itu berpengaruh dan mendapat tempat baik penduduk lokal maupun keluarga
kerajaan Brunei.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Islam mulai
berkembang dengan pesat di Kesultanan Brunei sejak Syarif Ali diangkat menjadi
Sultan Brunei ke-3 pada tahun 1425 M. Sultan Syarif Ali adalah seorang Ahlul
Bait dari keturunan/ pancir dari Cucu Rasulullah Shalallahualaihi Wassallam
yaitu Amirul Mukminin Hasan/ Syaidina Hasan sebagaimana yang tercantum dalam
Batu Tarsilah/ prasasti dari abad ke-18 M yang terdapat di Bandar Sri Begawan,
Brunei. Keturunan Sultan Syarif Ali ini kemudian juga berkembang menurunkan
Sultan-Sultan disekitar wilayah Kesultanan Brunei yaitu menurunkan
Sultan-Sultan Sambas dan Sultan-Sultan Sulu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para peneliti sejarah
telah mempercayai terdapat sebuah kerajaan lain sebelum berdirinya Kesultanan
Brunei kini, yang disebut orang Tiongkok sebagai Po-ni. Catatan orang Tiongkok
dan orang Arab menunjukkan bahwa kerajaan perdagangan kuno ini ada di muara
Sungai Brunei awal abad ke-7 atau ke-8. Kerajaan itu memiliki wilayah yang
cukup luas meliputi Sabah, Brunei dan Sarawak yang berpusat di Brunei. Kesultanan
Brunei juga merupakan pusat perdagangan dengan China. Kerajaan awal ini pernah
ditaklukkan Kerajaan Sriwijaya yang berpusat di Sumatra pada awal abad ke-9
Masehi dan seterusnya menguasai Borneo utara dan gugusan kepulauan Filipina.
Kerajaan ini juga pernah menjadi taklukan (vazal) Kerajaan Majapahit yang
berpusat di pulau Jawa. Nama Brunai tercantum dalam Negarakertagama sebagai
daerah bawahan Majapahit. Kekuasaan Majapahit tidaklah lama karena setelah
Hayam Wuruk wafat Brunai membebaskan diri dan kembali sebagai sebuah negeri
yang merdeka dan pusat perdagangan penting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada awal abad ke-15,
Kerajaan Malaka di bawah pemerintahan Parameswara telah menyebarkan pengaruhnya
dan kemudian mengambil alih perdagangan Brunei. Perubahan ini menyebabkan agama
Islam tersebar di wilayah Brunei oleh pedagangnya pada akhir abad ke-15.
Kejatuhan Melaka ke tangan Portugis pada tahun 1511, telah menyebabkan Sultan
Brunei mengambil alih kepimpinan Islam dari Melaka, sehingga Kesultanan Brunei
mencapai zaman kegemilangannya dari abad ke-15 hinga abad ke-17 sewaktu
memperluas kekuasaannya ke seluruh pulau Borneo dan ke Filipina di sebelah
utaranya. Semasa pemerintahan Sultan Bolkiah (1473-1521) yang terkenal
disebabkan pengembaraan baginda di laut, malah pernah seketika menaklukkan
Manila. kesultanan Brunei memperluas pengaruhnya ke utara hingga ke Luzon dan
Sulu serta di sebelah selatan dan barat Kalimantan; dan pada zaman pemerintahan
sultan yang kesembilan, Hassan (1605-1619), yang membangun susunan aturan adat
istiadat kerajaan dan istana yang masih kekal hingga hari ini.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1658
Sultan Brunei menghadiahkan kawasan timur laut Kalimantan kepada Sultan Sulu di
Filipina Selatan sebagai penghargaan terhadap Sultan Sulu dalam menyelesaikan
perang saudara di antara Sultan Abdul Mubin dengan Pengeran Mohidin.
Persengketaan dalam kerajaan Brunei merupakan satu faktor yang menyebabkan
kejatuhan kerajaan tersebut, yang bersumber dari pergolakan dalam disebabkan
perebutan kuasa antara ahli waris kerajaan, juga disebabkan timbulnya pengaruh
kuasa penjajah Eropa di rantau sebelah sini, yang menggugat corak perdagangan
tradisi, serta memusnahkan asas ekonomi Brunei dan kesultanan Asia Tenggara
yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada Tahun 1839,
James Brooke dari Inggris datang ke Serawak dan menjadi raja di sana serta
menyerang Brunei, sehingga Brunei kehilangan kekuasaannya atas Serawak. Sebagai
balasan, ia dilantik menjadi gubernur dan kemudian “Rajah” Sarawak di Barat
Laut Borneo sebelum meluaskan kawasan di bawah pemerintahannya. Pada tanggal 19
Desember 1846, pulau Labuan dan sekitarnya diserahkan kepada James Brooke.
Sedikit demi sedikit wilayah Brunei jatuh ke tangan Inggris melalui
perusahaan-perusahaan dagang dan pemerintahnya sampai wilayah Brunei kelak
berdiri sendiri di bawah protektorat Inggris sampai berdiri sendiri tahun 1984.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada masa yang sama,
Persekutuan Borneo Utara Britania sedang meluaskan penguasaannya di Timur Laut
Borneo. Pada tahun 1888, Brunei menjadi sebuah negeri di bawah perlindungan
kerajaan Britania dengan mengekalkan kedaulatan dalam negerinya, tetapi dengan
urusan luar negara tetap diawasi Britania. Pada tahun 1906, Brunei menerima
suatu lagi langkah perluasan kekuasaan Britania saat kekuasaan eksekutif
dipindahkan kepada seorang residen Britania, yang menasihati baginda Sultan
dalam semua perkara, kecuali yang bersangkut-paut dengan adat istiadat setempat
dan agama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1959,
Brunei mendeklarasikan kerajaan baru yang berkuasa memerintah kecuali dalam isu
hubungan luar negeri, keamanan dan pertahanan di mana isu-isu ini menjadi
tanggung jawab Britania. Percobaan untuk membentuk sebuah badan perundangan
pada tahun 1962 terpaksa dilupakan karena terjadi pemberontakan oleh partai
oposisi yaitu Partai Rakyat Brunei dan dengan bantuan Britania, pemberontakan
ini berhasil diberantas. Pada akhir 1950 dan awal 1960, kerajaan Brunei ketika
itu menolak rencana (walaupun pada awalnya menunjukkan minat) untuk bergabung
dengan Singapura, Sabah, Sarawak, dan Tanah Melayu untuk membentuk Malaysia dan
akhirnya Sultan Brunei ketika itu berkehendak untuk membentuk sebuah negara
yang merdeka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada 1967, Omar Ali
Saifuddin III telah turun dari takhta dan melantik putra sulungnya Hassanal
Bolkiah, menjadi Sultan Brunei ke-29. Baginda juga berkenan menjadi Menteri
Pertahanan setelah Brunei mencapai kemmerdekaan penuh dan disandangkan gelar
Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan. Pada tahun 1970, pusat pemerintahan negeri Brunei
Town, telah diubah namanya menjadi Bandar Seri Begawan untuk mengenang jasa
baginda. Baginda mangkat pada tahun 1986.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada 4 Januari 1979,
Brunei dan Britania Raya telah menandatangani Perjanjian Kerjasama dan
Persahabatan. Pada 1 Januari 1984, Brunei Darussalam telah berhasil mencapai
kemerdekaan sepenuhnya. Saat ini Brunei memiliki wilayah yang lebih kecil
daripada masa lalu, dengan berbatasan dengan Serawak dari sebelah barat sampai
timur wilayah itu, serta sebelah utara berbatasan dengan Laut Cina Selatan.<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerajaan Brunei
Darussalam adalah negara yang memiliki corak pemerintahan monarki absolut
berdasar hukum islam dengan Sultan yang menjabat sebagai Kepala Negara dan
Kepala Pemerintahan, merangkap sebagai Perdana Menteri dan Menteri Pertahanan
dengan dibantu oleh Dewan Penasihat Kesultanan dan beberapa Menteri. Sultan
Hassanal Bolkiah yang gelarnya diturunkan dalam wangsa yang sama sejak abad
ke-15, ialah kepala negara serta pemerintahan Brunei. Baginda dinasihati oleh
beberapa majelis dan sebuah kabinet menteri, walaupun baginda secara berkesan
merupakan pemerintah tertinggi. Media amat memihak kerajaan, dan kerabat
kerajaan melestarikan status yang dihormati di dalam negeri.<i> <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brunei tidak memiliki
dewan legislatif, namun pada bulan September 2000, Sultan bersidang untuk
menentukan Parlemen yang tidak pernah diadakan lagi sejak tahun 1984. Parlemen
ini tidak mempunyai kuasa selain menasihati sultan. Disebabkan oleh
pemerintahan mutlak Sultan, Brunei menjadi salah satu negara yang paling stabil
dari segi politik di Asia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertahanan Keamanan
Brunei mengandalkan perjanjian pertahanan dengan Inggris di mana terdapat
pasukan Gurkha yang terutama ditempatkan di Seria. Jumlah pertahanan
keamanannya lebih kecil bila dibandingkan dengan kekayaannya dan negara negara
tetangga. Secara teori, Brunei berada di bawah pemerintahan militer sejak
pemberontakan yang terjadi pada awal dekad 1960-an. Pemberontakan itu
dihancurkan oleh laskar-laskar Britania Raya dari Singapura.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brunei memiliki
dengan hubungan luar negeri terutama dengan negara negara ASEAN dan negara
negara lain serta ikut serta sebagai anggota PBB. Kesultanan ini juga terlibat
konflik Kepulauan Spratly yang melibatkan hampir semua negara ASEAN (kecuali
Indonesia, Kamboja, Laos dan Myanmar), RRC dan Republik Cina. Selain itu
terlibat konflik perbatasan laut dengan Malaysia terutama masalah daerah yang
menghasilkan minyak dan gas bumi. Brunei menuntut wilayah di Sarawak, seperti
Limbang. Banyak pulau kecil yang terletak di antara Brunei dan Labuan, termasuk
Pulau Kuraman, telah dipertikaikan oleh Brunei dan Malaysia. Bagaimanapun,
pulau-pulau ini diakui sebagai sebagian Malaysia di tingkat internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Raja-raja Brunai
Darusalam yang memerintah sejak didirikannya kerajaan pada tahun 1363 M yakni:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan Muhammad Shah
(1383 -1402)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Ahmad (1408 -1425)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Syarif Ali (1425 – 1432)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Sulaiman (1432 – 1485)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Bolkiah (1485 – 1524)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Abdul Kahar (1524 – 1530)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Saiful Rizal (1533 – 1581)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Shah Brunei (1581 – 1582)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Muhammad Hasan (1582 – 1598)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Abdul Jalilul Akbar (1598 – 1659)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Abdul Jalilul Jabbar (1669 – 1660)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
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Haji Muhammad Ali (1660 – 1661)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Abdul Hakkul Mubin (1661 – 1673)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
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Muhyiddin (1673 – 1690)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Nasruddin (1690 – 1710)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan
Husin Kamaluddin (1710 – 1730) (1737 – 1740)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Muhammad Alauddin (1730 – 1737)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Omar Ali Saifuddien I (1740-1795)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Muhammad Tajuddin (1795-1804) (1804-1807)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Muhammad Jamalul Alam I (1804)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Muhammad Kanzul Alam (1807-1826)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Muhammad Alam (1826-1828)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Omar Ali Saifuddin II (1828-1852)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Abdul Momin (1852-1885)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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(1885-1906)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Muhammad Jamalul Alam II (1906-1924)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Ahmad Tajuddin (1924-1950)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah (1967-kini)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Negara Brunei
Darussalam merupakan salah satu negara kerajaan Islam di utara Kalimantan
berbatasan dengan Lautan Cina Selatan di utara, dan Serawak di barat, dan
timur. Luas : 5765 km. Penduduk: 264.000 (1991). Komposisi penduduk: Melayu
(69%), Asli (5%), Cina (18%), dan bangsa-bangsa lain (8%). Agama resmi Islam
(67%) dengan bermazhab Syafi’i.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedang yang lainnya
Budha (14%), Kristen (9,7%) dan lainnya (12%) termasuk agama pribumi suku
dayak. Bahasa resmi Melayu. Ibukota Bandar Sribegawan. Mata uang: Dollar Brunei
(100 Cents). Sumber utama penghasilan negara: gas bumi dan minyak<u><span style="color: blue;">.</span></u><a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><u><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Populasi penduduk
Brunei adalah 301.000 yang terdiri dari 70,5 % orang Melayu yang umumnya
bekerja di pemerintahan dan sipil, orang Cina 16 % dimana 80 % nya tidak
terakomodasi sebagai warga negara resmi, dan beberapa kelompok lokal seperti
orang Iban, Kedayan, Kayan, Kenyah, Kiput, Muru dan Tutung, pendatang yang
berjumlah 8,2 % umumnya sebagai pekerja industri yang berasal dari Inggris
6.000 orang, Asia Selatan 4.200 orang, Gurkha 1.000 orang, Korea dan Fhilipina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara historis, Brunei
adalah salah satu kerajaan tertua di </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Tenggara" title="Asia Tenggara"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asia
Tenggara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Sebelum abad ke-16, Brunei memainkan peranan penting
dalam penyebaran Islam di Wilayah Kalimantan dan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipina" title="Filipina"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Filipina</span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Sesudah merdeka pada tahun </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984" title="1984"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1984</span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
Brunei kembali menunjukkan usaha serius dalam upaya penyebaran syiar Islam,
termasuk dalam suasana politik yang masih baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di antara
langkah-langkah yang diambil ialah mendirikan lembaga-lembaga modern yang
selaras dengan tuntutan Islam. Sebagai negara yang menganut sistem hukum agama,
Brunei Darussalam menerapkan hukum syariah dalam perundangan negara. Untuk
mendorong dan menopang kualitas keagamaan masyarakat, didirikan sejumlah pusat
kajian Islam serta lembaga keuangan Islam. Tak hanya dalam negeri, untuk
menunjukkan semangat kebersamaan dengan masyarakat Islam dan global, Brunei
juga terlibat aktif dalam berbagai forum resmi, baik di dunia Islam maupun
internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sama seperti </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> yang
mayoritas penduduknya menganut agama Islam dengan </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhab_Syafi%27i" title="Mazhab Syafi'i"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mazhab
Syafi'i</span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, di Brunei juga demikian. Konsep akidah yang dipegang
adalah Ahlussunnah waljamaah. Bahkan, sejak memproklamasikan diri sebagai
negara merdeka, Brunei telah memastikan konsep ”Melayu Islam Beraja” sebagai
falsafah negara dengan seorang </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sultan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
sebagai kepala negaranya. Saat ini, Brunei Darussalam dipimpin oleh </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_Brunei" title="Sultan Brunei"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sultan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah_dari_Brunei" title="Hassanal Bolkiah dari Brunei"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hassanal Bolkiah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. Dan,
Brunei merupakan salah satu kerajaan Islam tertua di Asia Tenggara dengan latar
belakang sejarah Islam yang gemilang.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahasa Melayu menjadi
bahasa utama, disertai bahasa Inggris, Cina, Iban, dan belasan dialek daerah
yang berjumlah 17 bahasa. Brunei dikenal sebagai salah satu negara terkaya di
Asia karena hasil minyak buminya.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Negara ini mempunyai
otoritas tidak hanya meliputi seluruh Pulau Borneo tetapi juga beberapa bagian
pulau-pulau Suluh dan Fhilipina namun mulai abad ke-17 lebih-lebih pada abad
ke-18 dan ke-19. Kekuasaan kesultanan Brunei mulai berkurang akibat adanya
konsesi yang dibuat dengan Belanda, Inggris, Raja Serawak, British North borneo
Company dan serangan-serangan para pembajak. Pada abad ke-19 wilayah negar
Brunei Darussalam tereduksi menjadi sangat kecil sampai batas-batas yang ada
sekarang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada tahun 1847
Sultan Brunei mengadakan perjanjian dengan Inggris Raya untuk memajukan
hubungan dagang dan penumpasan para pembajak. Perjanjian berikutnya diadakan
pada tahun 1881 yaitu perjanjian negara Brunei berada dibawah proteksi Inggris
Raya. Pada tahun 1963 negara Brunei berbentuk negara Merdeka Melayu Inggris
dengan tidak bergabung dengan federasi Malaysia. Sampai akhirnya tanggal 1
Januari 1984 Brunei Darusalam menjadi negara Kesulatanan yang merdeka dan berdaulat.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bentuk pemerintahan
Brunei menurut konstitusi di kesultanan dijalankan oleh Majelis Umum, Dewan
Menteri, dan Badan Legislatif. Sultan mempunyai kekuasaan yang sangat besar
kuasa eksekutif tertinggi berada di tangan Sultan sebagai Menteri Besar (Ketua
Menteri).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Politik Hukum Islam di Brunai Darussalam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diperkirakan Islam
mulai diperkenalkan di Brunei Darussalam pada tahun 1977 melalui jalur Timur
Asia Tenggara oleh pedagang-pedagang dari Cina. Islam menjadi agama resmi
negara semenjak Raja Awang Alak Betatar masuk Islam dan berganti nama menjadi
Muhammad Shah (1406-1408). Perkembangan islam semakin maju setelah pusat
penyebaran dan kebudayaan Islam, Malak jatuh ketangan portugis (1511) sehingga
banyak ahli agama Islam pindah ke Brunei. Kemajuan dan perkembangan Islam
semakian nyata pada masa pemerintahan Sultan Bolkiah (sultan ke-5), yang
wilayahnya meliputi Suluk, Selandung, seluruh Pulau Kalimantan (Borneo),
Kepulauan Sulu, Kepulauan Balakac, Pulau Banggi, Pulau Balambangan, Matanani,
dan Utara Pulau Pallawan sampai ke Manila.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada masa Sultan
Hassan (Sultan ke-9) dilakukan beberapa hal yang menyangkut tata pemerintahan:
1) menyusun institusi-institusi pemerintahan agama, karena agama memainkan
peranan penting dalam memandu negara Brunei ke arah kesejahteraan. 2) menyusun
adat-istiadat yang dipakai dalam semua upacara, baik suka maupun duka,
disamping menciptakan atribut kebesaran dan perhiasan raja; 3) menguatkan
undang-undang Islam, yaitu hukum Qanun yang mengandung 46 pasal dan 6 bagian.
Pada tahun 1888-1983 Brunei di bawah penguasaan Inggris. Brunei
memproklamasikan kemerdekaannya pada tanggal 31 Desember 1983. Setelah merdeka,
Brunei Darussalam menjadi sebuah negara Melayu Islam Beraja “ melayu” diartikan
dengan unsur-unsur kebaikan dan menguntungkan. “Islam” diartikan sebagai suatu
kepercayaan yang dianut negara yang bermadzhab Ahlussunnah Wal Jamaah sesuai
dengan konstitusi dan cita-cita kemerdekaannya. “Beraja” adalah suatu sistem
tradisi melayu yang telah lama ada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Brunei merdeka
sebagai negara Islam dibawah pimpinan Sultan ke-29, yaitu Sultan Hasanah
Bolkiah Mu’izzadin Waddaulah. Panggilan resmi kenegaraan Sultan adalah “Ke
Bawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Sri Baginda Sultan dan Yang Dipertuan
Negara.” Gelar Mu’izzadin Waddaulah “(penata agama dan negara) menunjukkan ciri
keIslaman yang selalu melekat pada setiap raja yang memerintah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sultan telah
melakukan usaha penyempurnaan pemerintah, antara lain dengan membentuk Majelis
Agama Islam atas dasar Undang-Undang Agama dan Mahkamah kadi tahun 1955.
Majelis ini bertugas menasehati sultan dalam masalah agama Islam. Langkah ini
yang ditempuh sultan adalah menjadikan Islam benar-benar berfungsi sebagai
pandangan hidup rakyat Brunei dan satu-satunya ideologi negara. Untuk itu,
dibentuk jabatan hal ikhwal agama yang tugasnya menyebarluaskan paham Islam,
baik kepada pemerintah beserta aparatnya maupun kepada masyarakat luas. Untuk
kepentingan penelitian agama Islam, pada tanggal 16 september 1985 didirikan
pusat Dakwah, yang juga bertugas melaksanakan program dakwah serta pendidikan
pada pegawai-pegawai agama serta masyarakat luas dan pusat pameran perkembangan
dunia Islam. Di Brunei, orang-orang cacat dan anak yatim menjadi tanggungan
negara. Seluruh pendidikan rakyat (dari TK sampai perguruan tinggi) dan
pelayanan kesehatan diberikan secara gratis. Brunei juga mengembangkan hubungan
luar negeri dengan masuk Organisasi Konferensi Islam, ASEAN, dan Perserikatan
Bangsa-Bangsa.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><b>
<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelum datangnya
Inggris, Undang-Undang yang dilaksanakan di Brunei ialah Undang-Undang Islam
yang telah dikanunkan dengan hukum qanun Brunei. Hukum Qanun Brunei tersebut
sudah ditulis pada masa pemerintahan Sultan Hassan (1605-1619 M) yang
disempurnakan oleh Jalilul jabbar (1619-1652 M).<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian
kekuasaan di bidang hukum secara penuh baru diberikan kepada Inggris setelah
ditandatanganinya perjanjian pada 1888 dalam Artikel VII yang membuat aturan :<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang kuasa sivil
dan jinayah kepada jawatan kuasa Inggris untuk mengendalikan kes rakyat, kes
rakyat asing dari negara-negara jajahan Inggris dan kes rakyat negara lain jika
mendapat persetujuan kerajaan negara mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bidang kuasa untuk
menghakimkan kes yang melibatkan rakyat Brunei jika rakyat Brunei dalam kes
tersebut merupakan seorang penuntut atau pendakwa. Tetapi jika didalam sesuatu
kes tersebut, rakyat Brunei adalah orang yang dituntut atau didakwa maka kes
itu akan diadili oleh Mahkamah Tempatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekuasaan yang lebih luas lagi dalam
bidang hukum diberikan setelah adanya perjanjian tahun 1906. Dengan perjanjian
tersebut Inggris lebih leluasa mendapat kekuasaan yang luas untuk campur tangan
dalam urusan per-Uuan, Pentadbiran keadilan dan kehakiman, masalah negara dan
pemerintahan kecuali dalam perkara-perkara agama Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena undang-undang adat dan kedudukan
hukum syara’ dirasa tidak begitu jelas, kesultanan Brunei memberi petisi kepada
Pesuruh Jaya British pada 2 Juli 1906 yang isinya menuntut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap kasus yang
berkaitan dengan agama Islam diadili oleh hakim-hakim setempat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meminta agar
adat-adat dan undang-undang setempat tidak dirombak, dipindah, dan dilanggar
selama-lamanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari kedua petisi ini, yang disetujui
oleh Inggris hanya masalah nomor satu dan ditindaklanjuti dengan mengembangkan
Mahkamah Syari’ah yang akan mengendalikan urusan-urusan agama Islam. Sedangkan
yang kedua ditolak, penolakan itu didasarkan pada tujuan perjanjian 1906 adalah
untuk memperbaiki adat dan undang-undang setempat sebagai langkah untuk
menyelamatkan Brunei dari kehilangan-kehilangan wilayahnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk seterusnya Mahkamah Syari’ah
Brunei hanya dibenarkan melaksanakan undang-undang Islam yang berikatan dengan
perkara-perkara kawin, cerai, dan ibdat (khusus) saja. Sedangkan masalah yang
berkaitan dengan jinayat diserahkan kepada undang-undang Inggris yang
berdasarkan <i>Common Law England</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peraturan dan perundang-undangan di
Brunei terus menerus dirombak, seperti pada tahun 1912 majelis Masyuarat Negeri
telah mengundangkan undang-undang agama Islam yang dikenal dengan “<i>Muhammadans
Marriages and Divorce Enactement</i>.” Sampai yang terakhir yaitu dengan
diundangkannya Undang-Undang Majelis Ugama, Adat Negeri dan Mahkamah Kadi tahun
1955, yang telah berlaku pada tanggal 1 Januari 1956. Setelah tahun itu
berturut-turut undang-Undang mengalami amandemen yaitu mulai tahun 1957, 1960,
1961, dan 1967.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Ketika terjadi <i>Revision Laws of Brunei</i> pada tahun 1984, undang-undang
inipun mengalami revisi tapi hanya sedikit saja disamping namanya ditukar
dengan akta Majelis Agama dan Mahkamah Kadi Penggal 77.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebenarnya perundang-undangan ini,
menurut Hooker, didasarkan pada perundangan yang berlaku di negeri Kelantan
dengan mengalami penyesuaian-penyesuaian dengan kondisi Brunei. Peraturan ini
membuat peraturan tentang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendahuluan (Bagian I
pasal 1-4)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Majelis Ugama Islam
(Bagian II pasal 5-44)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mahkamah syari’ah
(Bagian III pasal 45-96)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masalah Keuangan
(Bagian IV pasal 97-122)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masjid (Bagian V
pasal 123-133)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkawinan dan
perceraian (Bagian VI pasal 134-156)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nafkah Tanggungan
(Bagian VII pasal 157-163)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muallaf (Bagian VIII
pasal 164-168)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesalahan (Bagian IX pasal
169-195)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkara Umum (Bagian
X pasal 196-204)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Undang-undang keluarga Islam Brunei
yang terdapat dalam Undang-undang Majelis Ugama Islam dan Mahkamah Kadi Penggal
77 bentuk dan kandungannya masih sama dengan undang-undang Majelis Ugama Islam,
Adat Negeri dan Mahkamah Kadi No. 20/1955. Dalam undang-undang tersebut masalah
hukum keluarga Islam diatur hanya 29 Bab yaitu di bawah aturan-aturan <i>Marriage
and Divorce</i> di bagian VI yang diawali dari pasal 134-156, dan <i>Maintenance
of Dependent</i> di bagian VII yang dimulai dari pasal 157-163.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk lebih memberikan wawasan,
sebagian dari aturan ini akan dijelaskan di bawah ini dengan diberikan
perbandingan dengan negara yang berada diwilayah Asia Tenggara yaitu Malaysia
dan Singapura. Alasannya karena ketiga negara ini bertetangga dan mempunyai
kesamaan dalam warisan sosial, budaya dan adatnya, disamping itu madzhab yang
dianut oleh penduduknya adalah madzhab Syafi’i.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembatalan
Pertunangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbuatan membatalkan perjanjian
pertunangan oleh pihak laki-laki yang dibuat baik secara lisan maupun secara
tertulis yang dilakukan mengikuti hukum muslim, akan berakibat pada pihak
laki-laki, yaitu harus membayar sejumlah sama dengan banyaknya mas kawin,
ditambah dengan perbelanjaan yang diberikan secara suka rela untuk persiapan
perkawinan. Apabila yang membatalkan perjanjian tersebut dari pihak perempuan,
maka hadiah pertunangan harus dikembalikan bersama dengan uang yang diberikan
dengan suka rela. Semua pembayaran baik yang digariskan tadi bisa didapatkan
kembali melalui perkawinan. Hal ini tidak dijelaskan dalam fikih Syafi’i secara
eksplisit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pendaftaran Nikah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam Undang-undang Brunei orang yang
bisa menjadi pendaftar nikah cerai selain kadi besar dan kadi-kadi adalah
imam-imam masjid, disamping imam-imam itu merupakan juru nikah yang diberi
tauliah untuk menjalankan setiap akad nikah. Orang biasa melangsungkan sebuah
pernikahan adalah orang yang diberi kuasa (tauliah) oleh sultan atau yang
diberi kuasa oleh hukum untuk orang Islam. Tetapi dalam hal kehadiran dan
kebenaran pendaftaran juga diperlukan. Walaupun demikian pernikahan yang tidak
mengikuti aturan ini tetap dilangsungkan (sah), tetapi menurut aturan hukum
muslim dianggap sah dan hendaknya didaftarkan. Sedangkan yang dinamakan
perkawinan yang tidak sah adalah perkawinan yang tidak mengikuti hukum madzhab
yang dianut oleh kedua belah pihak. Aturan-aturan yang berlaku di atas
merupakan reformasi hukum keluarga Islam yang sifatnya regulatory, karena
dengan tidak adanya pencatatan dan pendaftaran tidak menyebabkan batalnya suatu
perkawinan bahkan dalam hal ini ternyata di Brunei terasa lebih longgar
dibanding dengan negara tetangganya, karena dengan tidak mendaftarkan
perkawinan tersebut tidak merupakan suatu pelanggaran.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wali Nikah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persetujuan kedua belah pihak dalam
perkawinan sangat diperlukan selain itu wali pengantin perempuan harus
memberikan persetujuan atau kadi yang mempunyai kewenangan bertindak sebagai
wali raja yaitu apabila tidak ada wali nasab atau wali naab tidak menyetujui
dengan alasan yang kurang tepat hal ini juga terjadi di Malaysia, yang
memberikan aturan tentang keharusan adanya izin wali dalam nikah. Jika tidak
ada wali nasab atau wali tidak memberikan izin dengan alasan yang tidak masuk
akal pengadilan dapat memberikan izin kepada orang lain untuk bertindak sebagai
wali. Di Singapura aturan ini ditetapkan melalui ordonansi muslim 1957 yang
memberikan otoritas kepada kadi untuk menyelenggarakan pernikahan seorang
perempuan yang tidak mempunyai wali nasab, atau walinya tidak memberikan izin
denagn alasan yang tidak masuk akal, asalkan tidak ada halangan berdasarkan
hukum islam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perceraian yang
dilakukan suami <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika perempuan cerai sebelum disetubuhi
maka ia tidak boleh dikawinkan dengan orang lain kecuali dengan suaminya yang
terdahulu dalam masa iddah. Kecuali telah dibenarkan oleh kadi yang berkuasa
dimana ia tinggal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam Undang-undang Brunei selanjutnya
disebutkan bahwa bagi perempuan yang dicerai dengan talak tiga tidak boleh
nikah lagi dengan suaminya yang terdahulu. Kecuali ia kawin dengan laki-laki
lain denagn cara yang sah dan bersetubuh dengannya kemudian diceraikan dengan
cara yang sah sesuai dengan undang-undang. Peraturan perceraian Brunei yang
lainnya adalah seorang suami bisa menceraikan istrinya denagn talak 1, 2, 3,
denagn hukum Muslim seorang suami mesti memberitahukan tentang perceraiannya
kepada pendaftar dalam tempo 7 hari. Jika seorang perempuan yang sudah menikah
bisa juga mengajukan permohonan cerai kepada kadi dengan mengikuti hukum
muslim. Apabila suaminya rela hendaknya dia mengucapnya cerai. Kemudian
didaftarkan dan kadi akan mengeluarkan akta perceraian kepada kedua belah pihak
sebagai perbandingan di negara malaysia hukum yang berlaku ternyata membatasi
kebebasan seorang suami muslim untuk menceraikan istriny, lain hal denag hukum
yang berlaku di serawak, jika suami menuntut perceraian pada istrinya maka
ketika dibuktikan bahwa ia tidak bersalah pengadilan akan memberikan waktu 15
hari untuk mempertimbangkan kembali seandainya waktu yang diberikan habis
sedang ia masih dalam keputusannya maka di izinkan kepadanya untuk menceraikan
istrinya dengan membayar denda.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perceraian dengan talak tebus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di Brunei juga diberlakukan aturan yang
menyatakan bahwa jika pihak tidak menyetujui perceraian denagn penuh kerelaan
maka kedua belah pihak bisa menyetujui perceraian dengan tebusan atau cerai
tebus talak kadi akan menilai jumlah yang dibayar sesuai dengan taraf kemampuan
kedua belah pihak tersebut. Serta mendaftarkan perceraian itu. Perceraian
dengan cara ini ternyata berlaku juga di Malaysia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Talak tafwid, fasakh dan perceraian
oleh pengadilan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perempuan di Brunei bisa memohon kepada
Mahkamah Kadi untuk mendapatkan perceraian lewat fasakh. Yaitu suatu pernyataan
pembubaran perkawinan menurut hukum Muslim pernyataan fasakh ini tidak akan
dikeluarkan, kecuali mengikuti hukum Islam dan pihak perempuan dapat memberikan
keterangan dihadapan sekurang-kurangnya dua saksi denagn mengangkat sumpah atau
membuat pengakuan. Bagi para istri di Malaysia, pihak istri diberikan hak untuk
mengajukan perceraian dengan alasan bahwa suaminya impoten sedangkan di
Singapura pengadilan dapat menerima tuntutan dari kaum perempuan muslimah untuk
mengadakan perceraian (fasakh) dan memutuskannya berdasarkan hukum keluarga
Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hakam (Arbitrator)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila selalu muncul masalah antara
suami dan istri maka kadi bisa mengangkat seorang, dua orang pendamai atau
hakam dari keluarga yang dekat dari masing-masing pihak yang mengetahui
keadaannya. Kadi memberikan petunjuk kepada hakam untuk melaksanakan arbiterase
dan harus melaksanakannya sesuai dengan hukum Muslim, apabila kadi tidak
sanggup atau tidak menyetujui apa yang dilakukan oleh hakam kadi akan mengganti
dan mengangkat hakam yang lain. Haruslah di angkat seorang hakam dari keluarga
laki-laki dan seorang hakam dari keluarga perempuan, kedua hakam yang diangkat
itu adalah orang yang terpercaya dengan persetujuan suami istri dan kedua suami
istri itu mewakilkan kepada kedua hakam untuk kumpul lagi atau bercerai apabila
kedua hakam itu berpendapat demikian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rujuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam Undang-undang ini disebutkan
adanya rujuk setelah dijatuhkannya talak, yaitu apabila cerainya dengan talak
satu atau dua. Tinggal bersama setelah bercerai mesti berlaku dengan kerelaan
kedua belah pihak denagn syarat tidak melanggar hukum Muslim dan kadi harus
mendaftarkan untuk tinggal bersama. Apabila perceraian yang bisa dirujuk
kembali dilakukan dengan tanpa sepengetahuan istri maka ia tidak dapat diminta
untuk tinggal bersama sampai diberitahukan tentang perkara itu. Kemudian jika
setelah menjatuhkan talak yang masih bisa dirujuk kembali pihak suami
mengucapkan rujuk dan pihak istri menerimanya, maka istri dapat diperintahkan
kadi untuk tinggal bersama tetapi pihak tersebut tidak bisa dibuat sekiranya
pihak istri tidak memberi kerelaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nafkah dan tanggungan
anak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembicaan nafkah hanya dipakai dlam
tuntutan yang dibuat oleh orang Islam terhadap orang Islam yang lainnya. Yang
termasuk kedalam ini adalah para istri, anak sah yang masih belum dewasa, orang
yang tidak mampu membiayai (fiskal), orang yang berpenyakit dan anak diluar
nikah. Tiga syarat ini bisa dijadikan tuntutan berdasarkan hukum Muslim yang
dalam hal menentukan hak untuk nafkah. Dalam kasus anak diluar nikah, Mahkamah
Kadi akan membuat ketentuan yang dianggap sesuai. Perintah bisa dikuatkan
melalui Mahkamah Majistret atau Mahkamah Kadi Besar.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.8pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Perwakafan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara Brunei Darussalam menyerahkan segala urusan mengenai
wakaf kepada Majlis Ugama Islam yaitu berdasarkan peruntukan undang-undang yang
tercantum dalam Undang-Undang Negara Brunei Darussalam yaitu Akta Majelis Ugama
Islam dan Mahkamah-Mahkamah Kadi Penggal 77 dalam bab 98 dan 100</span>. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem Perwakafaan</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 29.45pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum sistem perwakafan di Negara Brunei Darussalam
terbagi kepada dua bentuk: tidak terdaftar dan terdaftar.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secara Tidak Terdaftar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem perwakafan
serupa ini terjadi di Negara Brunei Darussalam apabila seorang hamba Allah
mewakaf sesuatu kepada pihak-pihak tertentu seperti uang, kelengkapan peralatan
dan lain-lain secara tidak bertulis hanya dilafalkan secara lisan saja. Timbang
terima kedua belah pihak diperlukan secara lisan apabila kedua belah pihak
bersetuju untuk memberi dan menerima harta yang diwakafkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 70.9pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadang-kadang
perwakafan itu dapat juga terjadi tanpa diketahui oleh pihak kedua yaitu orang
yang menerima harta wakaf tersebut. Contohnya seorang hamba Allah mewakafkan
sebuah Al-Quran di masjid tanpa diketahui oleh pegawai dan pengurus masjid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara Terdaftar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem perwakafan seperti ini terjadi
apabila seorang hamba Allah mewakafkan jenis-jenis harta tidak bergerak seperti
tanah dan bangunan dengan menentukan pergantian nama pemilik secara yang sah
menurut peraturan perundang-undangan. terhadap sistem perwakafan seperti ini
contohnya tanah, apabila wakaf seseorang itu telah diterima, dilafalkan dan
disahkan oleh pihak-pihak tertentu, maka urusan penggantian hak milik tanah
dari orang yang berwakaf kepada Majlis ugama Islam akan diselesaikan oleh
Majlis Ugama Islam selaku pihak yang akan mengurus harta wakaf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jenis-jenis Wakaf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Harta wakaf
yang diurus dan dikendalikan oleh Majlis Agama Islam dapat dibagikan kepada dua
jenis yang terdiri atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wakaf Khas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wakaf khas adalah merupakan wakaf yang telah ditentukan
sendiri oleh seorang yang berwakaf. Contohnya sebidang tanah telah diwakafkan oleh
seorang hamba Allah dan tanah yang diwakafkannya itu telah ditentukannya untuk
kegunaan-kegunaan tertentu misalnya untuk didirikan masjid. Oleh yang demikian
wakaf serupa ini adalah dinamakan Wakaf Khas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wakaf Am<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wakaf am pula adalah merupakan wakaf yang tidak ditentukan
secara khusus kegunaannya oleh orang yang berwakaf. Bagi wakaf jenis ini Majlis
Ugama Islam yaitu bebas untuk menentukan tindakan-tindakan yang patut dibuatnya
ke atas harta wakaf jenis ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Institusi yang mengurus
wakaf dan Prosedur berwakaf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Institusi yang dipertanggungjawabkan di Negara Brunei
Darussalam dalam mengurus persoalan harta wakaf secara terdaftar adalah Majlis
Ugama Islam. Pengurusan yang dijalankan adalah harus berdasarkan jenis wakaf
yang dilafazkan oleh orang yang berwakaf. Perlaksanaan awal atau prosedur yang
akan dilakukan oleh pihak yang berwakaf adalah seperti berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengantar surat
permohonan untuk berwakaf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apabila wakaf diterima,
dapat melafazkan wakaf di hadapan Hakim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disampaikan ke Jabatan
Tanah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">(4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perlaksanaan wakaf oleh
pihak-pihak berkenaan mengikut jenis wakaf yang dilafazkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terhadap wakaf yang tidak terdaftar,
pengurusannya diserahkan kepada pihak yang diberikan atau menerima harta wakaf
tersebut. Misalnya sebuah masjid menerima wakaf 100 kitab suci al-Quran, maka
masjid itu sendiri yang akan mengurus segala hal yang berkaitan dengannya.<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penutup</span></b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat kita ambil
kesimpulan bahwa hukum Islam di Brunei Darussalam mengalami perubahan setelah
adanya perjanjian-perjanjian dengan Inggris yang menyebabkan Inggris campur
tangan dalam urusan kekuasaan kehakiman, keadilan, hukum serta
perundang-undangan. Pelaksanaan hukum Islam secara khusus diserahkan kepada
pemerintah Brunei, yang kemudian dilanjutkan dengan pembentukan mahkamah
Syari’ah. Negara Brunei Darussalam mengakomodasi hukum Islam, adat, dan barat
tetapi yang sering sekali digunakan adalah hukum Muslim (Islam). Pengambilan
hukum Islam di brunei secara utuh dikembangkan dari mazhab Syafi’i dan sebagian
besar bersifat regulatory, meskipun demikian ternyata pembaharuan hukum yang
bersifat substansial tidak sejalan dengan Syafi’i sendiri bahkan dengan mazhab
lain seperti masalah iddah yang belum disetubuhi oleh suaminya, kemudian ganti
rugi batalnya perjanjian pertunangan. Kita ketahui hukum di Brunei dipengaruhi
oleh Inggris melalui perjanjian-perjanjian sehingga memungkinkan Inggris campur
tangan dan Brunei menjadi pemerintahan bergantung pada Inggris. Andaikan pada
waktu itu Kesultanan Brunei tegas tidak lemah, serta mampu menangani konflik
yang ada di negara brunei mungkin Bruneei menjadi negara-negara yang mempunyai
undang-undang hukum Islam yamg kuat. Strategi kuatnya kekuatan negara dalam
menghadapi persoalan menjadi hal yang penting di Brunei dan seluruh negara.
Semoga Brunei terus-menerus melakukan pembaharuan hukum dan tidak menyimpang
jauh dari hukum islam sehingga tidak tertinggal dwengan negara-negara lainnya
dan diharapkan pengetahuan hukum Islam di brunei menjadikan kita lebih yakin
dan percaya bahwa hukum Isalm yang kita gunakan adalah hukum yang benar yang
sesuai dengan Al-Qur’an dan As-sunnah katrena negara lain seperti Brunei
berprinsip yang sama dengan umat Islam di Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Abdu Karim Barakatullah, dkk, <i>Hukum Islam:
Menjawab Tantangan Zaman yang Terus Berkembang</i>, Yogyakarta: Pustaka
Pelajar, 2006</span><b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atho Mudzhar dan Khoerudin Nasution, <i>Hukum
Keluarga di Dunia Islam Modern,</i> Jakarta: Ciputat Press, 2003<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">David Leake, JR., Dalam John L. Eposito
(Ed), <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World</i>, New York:
Oxford University Press, 1995<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dedi Supriyadi, <i>Perbandingan Hukum
Perkawinan di Dunia Islam, </i>Bandung: al-Fikriis, 1998<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Haji Mahmud Saedon Awang Othman, <i>Mahkamah
Syari’ah di Negara Brunei Darussalam dan Permasalahannya</i>, dalam Mimbar
hukum No. 23 Tahun VI, 1995<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http// :www
hukumislamdibruneidarussalam. Com., diunggah pada tanggal 10 April 2016<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Brunei"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Brunei</span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">, diunggah pada tanggal
10 April 2016<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inamulah khan (Ed), The World
MuslimGazeteer, Delhi: International Islamic publisher, 1992<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Khoirudin Nsution, <i>Hukum Perdata (Keluarga)
Islam Indonesia dan Perbandingan Hukum Perkawinan di Dunia Muslim, </i>Yogyakarta:
ACAdeMIA, 2013<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Redaksi Ensiklopedia<i>, Ensiklopedia
Islam<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Saifullah, <i>Sejarah & Kebudayaan Islam di
Asia Tenggara,</i> Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2010<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahir Mahmood, <i>Personal Law in
Islamic Countries: History, Text and Comparative Analysis</i>, New Delhi:
Academy of Law and Religion, 1978<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">……., <i>Family Law Reform in the muslim
world,</i> Bombay: N.M. Tripathi pvt. Ltd., 1972<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pulau Brunai
Darussalam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lokasi Brunai di
Tenggara Asia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: Garamond;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bendera Brunai
Darussalam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> Saifullah, <i>Sejarah & Kebudayaan
Islam di Asia Tenggara</i>, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2010), hal. 163.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> Abdu Karim Barakatullah, dkk, <i>Hukum
Islam: Menjawab Tantangan Zaman yang Terus Berkembang</i>, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka
Pelajar, 2006), hal. 133.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">David Leake, JR.,
Dalam John L. Eposito (Ed), <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic
World</i>, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), Cet. 1, hal. 232<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Redaksi
Ensiklopedia<i>, Ensiklopedia Islam</i>, hal.256.</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Brunei"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";">https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Brunei</span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";">, diunggah pada tanggal 10 April 2016<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http//
:www hukumislamdibruneidarussalam. Com., diunggah pada tanggal 10 April 2016</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inamulah
khan (Ed), The World MuslimGazeteer, (Delhi: International Islamic publisher,
1992), p. 175/</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ensiklopedia
Islam, <i>Op.Cit</i>., hal. 257-258</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Haji
Mahmud Saedon Awang Othman, <i>Mahkamah Syari’ah di Negara Brunei Darussalam
dan Permasalahannya</i>, dalam Mimbar hukum No. 23 Tahun VI, 1995, p. 41-42</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahir Mahmud, <i>Personal
Law in Islamic Countries: History, Text and Comparative Analysis</i>, (New
Delhi: Academy of Law and Religion, 1978), h. 198-199.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Haji
Salim bin Haji Besar, <i>Pelaksanaan Undang-undang keluarga Islam di Negara
Brunei Daruss alam dan Permasalahannya dalam Mimbar Hukum</i>, h. 9-10</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atho
Mudzhar dan Khoerudin Nasution, <i>Hukum Keluarga di Dunia Islam Modern,</i>
(Jakarta: Ciputat Press, 2003), Cet. I, h. 178-182</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahir
Mahmood, <i>Family Law Reform in the muslim world,</i> (Bombay: N.M. Tripathi
pvt. Ltd., 1972), h. 198</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atho
Mudzhar, <i>Op. Cit</i>., hal. 184-185</span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";">Khoirudin Nsution, <i>Hukum Perdata
(Keluarga) Islam Indonesia dan Perbandingan Hukum Perkawinan di Dunia Muslim, </i>(Yogyakarta:
ACAdeMIA, 2013), hal. 160<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn16" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref16" name="_ftn16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif";">Dedi Supriyadi, <i>Perbandingan
Hukum Perkawinan di Dunia Islam, </i>(Bandung: al-Fikriis, 1998), hal. 148-153<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn17" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<a href="file:///D:/S3/MUIN/agus%20Politik%20Hukum%20Islam%20di%20Brunai.docx#_ftnref17" name="_ftn17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: PMingLiU; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Garamond","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http// :www hukumislamdibruneidarussalam.
Com., diunggah pada tanggal 10 April 2016<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br /><br />
makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-297152226900952762019-11-13T14:11:00.003-08:002019-11-13T14:11:53.267-08:00Instrumen Pemerintahan dan Administrasi Negara<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 7.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">LATAR BELAKANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jika berbicara tentang Instrumen Pemerintahan tidak lepas </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dari</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> alat dan sarana </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">yang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> digunakan oleh pemerintah atau administrasi negara dalam
melaksanakan tugasnya, intrumen yuridis yang dipergunakan untuk mengatur dan
menjalankan urusan pemerintahan dan kemasyarakatan seperti perundang-undangan,
keputusan-keputusan, peraturan kebijakan, perizinan, instrument hukum
keperdataan dsb. Instrument Hukum ini akan menjadi dasar yang digunakan
pemerintah dalam menjalankan tugas dan kewenangannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.8pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Indonesia tidak
menganut sistem kekuasaan yang distribution of power atau pembagian kekuasaan,
dengan sentral berada pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah" title="Pemerintah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pemerintah
Indonesia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, dimana sebagian kekuasaan
yudikatif dan kekuasaan legislatif oleh eksekutif. Kekuasaan yang dimiliki
eksekutif dalam bidang yudikatif oleh presiden, namun harus dengan persetujuan
DPR. Sedangkan kekuasaan eksekutif dalam bidang legislatif meliputi menetapkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpu" title="Perpu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Perpu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraturan_Pemerintah" title="Peraturan Pemerintah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peraturan Pemerintah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">RUMUSAN MASALAH</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apa Pengertian Instrumen Pemerintahan?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Apa Saja Bentuk-Bentuk Instrumen Pemerintahan?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">TUJUAN MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk Mengetahui Pengertian Instrumen Pemerintahan?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Untuk Mengetahui Apa Saja Bentuk-Bentuk Instrumen
Pemerintahan?</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENGAERTIAN INSTRUMEN PEMERINTAHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Instrumen Pemerintahan adalah alat atau sarana yang
digunakan oleh pemerintah atau administrasi negara dalam melaksanakan tugasnya.
Instrumen Pemerintahan merupakan bagian dari instrumen penyelenggaraan negara
secara umum (pemerintahan dalam arti luas). Pada dasarnya pelaksanaan tugas
penyelenggaraan negara Indonesia paling tidak dilakukan oleh tiga lembaga
(organ) yaitu eksekutif (pemerintah), legislatif , dan yudikatif. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam melaksanakan tugas penyelengaraan Negara,
masing-masing organ Negara tersebut diberikan kewenangan untuk mengeluarkan
instrumen hukumnya. Pemerintah sebagai salah satu organ Negara yang diberikan
tugas untuk mengurus berbagai segi kehidupan masyarakat. Untuk itu pulalah
pemerintah diberikan kewenangan untuk melakukan perbuatan administrasi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Negara (TUN) melalui instrument Negara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 14.2pt;">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BENTUK
BENTUK INSTRUMEN PEMERINTAHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN">Dalam menjalankan suatu pemerintahan, pemerintah atau administrasi
negara melakukan berbagai tindakan hukum dengan menggunakan instrumen
pemerintahan. Instrumen Pemerintahan ini dibagi menjadi dua bentuk, yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Instrumen Fisik <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Instrumen
Fisik yang terhimpun dalam <i>publiek domain</i>, terdiri ata</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">s</span><span lang="IN"> alat tulis menulis,
sarana transportasi dan komunikasi, gedung-gedung perkantoran dan lain-lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Instrumen Yuridis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Instrumen dasar pemerintahan disebut sebagai </span><span lang="IN">Instrumen
Yuridis</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">, instrumen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">ini berfungsi untuk
mengatur dan menjalankan urusan pemerintahan dan kemasyarakatan, yang terdiri atas
peraturan perundang-undangan, keputusan-keputusan, peraturan kebijaksanaan, </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">rencana, </span><span lang="IN">perizinan,
instrumen hukum keperdataan dan lain-lain. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peraturan Perundang-Undangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Peraturan merupakan hukum yang <i>in abstracto </i>atau <i>general
norm </i>yang sifatnya mengikat umum (berlaku umum) dan tugasnya adalah
mengatur hal-hal yang bersifat umum. Secara teoritis, istilah
perundang-undangan (<i>legislation, wetgeving, </i>atau <i>gesetzgebung</i>)
mempunyai dua pengertian, yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Peraturan
perundang-undangan yang merupakan proses pembentukan/proses membentuk
peraturan-peraturan negara, baik ditingkat pusat maupun daerah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Peraturan
perundang-undangan yang merupakan segala peraturan negara, yang merupakan hasil
pembentukan peraturan-peraturan, baik di tingkat pusat maupun di tingkat
daerah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ciri-ciri peraturan perundang-undangan yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bersifat umum dan konprehensif</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bersifat universal</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Memiliki kekuatan untuk mengoreksi dan memperbaiki dirinya sendiri</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Dalam
konsep negara kesejahteraan (<i>welfare state</i>), tugas pemerintah tidak
hanya terbatas untuk melaksanakan undang-undang yang telah dibuat oleh lembaga
legislatif. Dalam perspektif <i>welfare state</i>, pemerintah dibebani
kewajiban untuk menyelenggarakan kepentingan umum atau mengupayakan
kesejahteraan sosial, yang dalam menyelenggarakan kewajiban itu pemerintah
diberi kewenangan untuk campur tangan dalam kehidupan masyarakat, dalam
batas-batas yang diperkenankan oleh hukum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hirarki peraturan perundang-undangan
sebagaiberikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">UUD 1945<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ketetapan MPR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">UU/PERPU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peraturan Pemerintah (PP)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peraturan Presiden
(PERPRES)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peraturan Daerah (PERDA)
meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perda Provinsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perda Kab/Kota<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perdes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dengan peraturan perundang-undangan tersebut
administrator atau pemerintahan menjalankan roda pemerintahan secara legal,
bahkan dengan peraturan ini pula pemerintah memiliki kewenangan yang sebelumnya
tidak mereka miliki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keputusan Tata Usaha
Negara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara berbentuk suatu
ketetapan yang mengikat. Ketetapan merupakan keputusan pemerintah untuk hal
bersifat konkret dan individual (tidak ditujukan untuk umum) dan sejak dulu
telah dijadikan instrument yuridis pemerintah yang utama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Sedangkan berdasarkan UU No 5 Tahun
1986 jo UU No 9 Tahun 2004 tentang Peradilan Tata Usaha Negara, penetapan
(dalam undang-undang itu disebut Keputusan Tata Usaha Negara) diartikan suatu
penetapan tertulis yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan atau Pejabat Tata Usaha Negara
yang berisi tindakan hukum Tata Usaha Negara yang berdasarkan peraturan
perundang-undangan yang berlaku, yang bersifat kongkret, individual dan final,
yang menimbulkan akibat hukum bagi seseorang atau badan hukum perdata.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peraturan Kebijakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Keberadaan peraturan kebijaksanaan tidak dapat
dilepaskan dengan kewenangan bebas (<i>vrijebevoegdheid</i>) dari pemerintah
yang sering disebut dengan istilah <i>freies ermessen.</i></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Sebagai salah satu sarana yang memberikan
ruang bergerak bagi pejabat atau badan-badan administrasi Negara untuk
melakukan tidakan tanpa harus terikat sepenuhnya pada undang-undang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Disamping itu penggunaan <i>Freies Ermessen </i>tidak
boleh bertentangan dengan sistem hukum yang berlaku (kaidah hukum positif) dan
hanya ditujukan demi kepentingan umum.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rencana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rencana merupakan suatu
tindakan hukum pemerintahan yang bersifat sepihak berdasarkan peraturan
perundang-undangan tertentu, yang memberikan kewenangan untuk itu. Di samping
itu rencana adalah himpunan kebijaksanaan yang akan ditempuh pada masa yang
akan datang, tetapi ia bukan peraturan kebijaksanaan, karena ia kewenangan
pemerintah yang jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perizinan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Izin adalah perbuatan hukum administrasi negara
bersegi satu yang mengaplikasikan peraturan dalam hal konkret berdasarkan
persyaratan dan prosedur sebagaimana ditetapkan oleh ketentuan peraturan
perundang-undangan.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Izin membuat
sesuatu yang asalnya tidak boleh menjadi boleh atas otoritas pihak berwenang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">A</span><span lang="IN">da
beberapa unsur dalam perizinan, yaitu sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Berupa instrumen
yuridis dalam bentuk KTUN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Dibuat
berdasarkan wewenang yang diberikan oleh peraturan perundang-undangan atau
berdasarkan <i>diskresionare power</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Dikeluarkan
oleh organ pemerintah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Ditujukan
pada peristiwa konkret<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN">Telah
memenuhi prosedur dan persyaratan tertentu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Dari unsur-unsur tersebut terlihat
bahwa izin merupakan instrumen yuridis yang digunakan oleh pemerintah untuk
mempengaruhi para warga agar mau mengikuti cara yang dianjurkannya guna
mencapai suatu tujuan konkret. Sebagai suatu instrumen, izin berfungsi selaku
ujung tombak dari instrumen hukum sebagai pengarah, perekayasa, dan perancang
masyarakat sehingga terwujud masyarakat adil dan makmur</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="text-indent: 22.35pt;"> </span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Instrument hukum keperdataan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Pemerintah dalam melakukan kegiatannya
sehari-hari tampil dengan dua kedudukan, yaitu sebagai wakil dari badan hukum
(pelaku hukum keperdataan) dan wakil dari jabatan pemerintahan (pelaku hukum
publik)</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN">Penggunaan instrumen hukum keperdataan ini
adalah untuk mengusahakan kesejahteraan (<i>bestuurszorg</i>), dimana
pemerintah terlibat dengan kegiatan kemasyarakatan dalam berbagai dimensi
sejalan dengan tuntutan perkembangan kemasyarakatan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-25535184047727582212019-11-13T14:03:00.001-08:002019-11-13T14:03:16.129-08:00Konsep Maslahat Terhadap Paradigma Fikih Feminis Muslim Tentang Kewajiban Suami Istri<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EKSISTENSI
KONSEP <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">MASLAHAT</i> TERHADAP PARADIGMA
FIKIH FEMINIS MUSLIM TENTANG HAK DAN KEWAJIBAN SUAMI ISTERI <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Agus Hermanto</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsep <i>maslahat </i>merupakan salah
satu teori yang eksis dalam menyikapi perkara-perkara kontemporer, yang dalam
hal ini adalah hak dan kewajiban suami istri. Paradigm yang mengatakan bahwa
suami adalah kepala rumah tangga dan istri adalah ibu rumah tangga cukup
mengusik para feminis muslim untuk mereintepretasikan dan merekonstruksi dengan
mempertimbangkan misi keadilan, kesetaraan, demokrasi dan mu’asyarah bi
al-ma’ruf, karena realitanya saat ini seorang istri tidak hanya membantu dalam
urusan rumah tangga, namun lebih daripada itu juga membantu dalam urusan
nafkah, maka makna kepala rumah tangga juga harus menanamkan nilai-nilai
kebersamaan, saling melindungi, saling menopang dan saling bekerjasama untuk
menjadi mitra yang baik sehingga paradigm ini harus diluruskan demi
kemaslahatan.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keywords: Maslahat, Fikih <i>Feminis
Muslim<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perkawinan merupakan
wadah yang legal, yang menghalalkan hubungan seksual antara laki-laki dan
perempuan yang terjalin dalam sebuah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mitsaqan
ghalidgan</i> (ikatan yang sangat kuat). Akibat dari perkawinan juga akan
menimbulkan hak dan kewajiban suami istri, karena dalam sebuah organisasi dalam
konteks ini adalah rumah tangga, maka akan adanya pembagian tugas, yang dalam
hal ini suami adalah sebagai kepala rumah tangga dan istri sebagai ibu rumah
tangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal-hal yang menjadi
tanggung jawab suami sebagai kepala rumah tangga adalah bertanggung jawab terhadap
nafkah istri dan anak, serta hal-hal yang berkaitan dengannya, sedangkan
hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan tugas istri adalah bertanggung jawab terhadap
urusan rumah tangga, yang tugas ini sejatinya adalah membantu tugas suami
sebagai kepala rumah tangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara kontekstual,
dalam kacamata sosial yang berkembang di masyarakat saat ini adalah banyaknya
perempuan yang berusaha membantu suami dalam mencari nafkah di luar rumah, yang
sejatinya dalam hal ini adalah tugas pokok suami, yang bertanggungjawab untuk
melindungi, mengayomi serta menjaga keluarga. Dari paradigma inilah, kemudian
para feminis Muslim mencoba mereintepretasikan tentang hak dan kewajiban
tersebut, dengan cara membuka peluang bagi istri untuk dapat bekerja di luar
rumah, dengan pergeseran peran tersebut itulah kemudian haruslah ada pula
pergeseran tentang hak dan kewajiban dalam rumah tangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika kita lihat dalam
perspektif ulama’ klasik maupun paradigma feminis Muslim, keduanya memiliki
argumentasi yang sangat kuat untuk dapat dipertimbangkan, yang dalam hal ini
adalah demi tercapainya kemaslahatan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KONSEP MASLAHAT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<em><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian maslahat</span></em><em><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b></em><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond-Regular; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">s</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond-Regular; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ecara etimologis,
berarti kebaikan, kebermanfaatan, kepantasan, kelayakan, keselarasan, </span><span lang="EN-ID" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond-Regular; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">dan </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond-Regular; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">kepatutan. Kata </span><i><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "AGaramond-Regular\,Italic"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">al-maslahah</span></i><b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></b><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond-Regular; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">dilawankan
dengan kata </span><i><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "AGaramond-Regular\,Italic"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">al-mafsadah </span></i><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond-Regular; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">yang artinya kerusakan.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: AGaramond-Regular; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"> </span><em><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Ma<u>s</u>lahat atau sering disebut maslahat mursalah, </span></em><em><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">atau
kerap juga disebut</span></em><em><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> istislāh,</span></em><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"> yaitu suatu kemaslahatan yang tidak disinggung oleh <i>syara'</i> dan
tidak pula terdapat dalil-dalil yang menyuruh untuk mengerjakan atau
meninggalkannya, sedang jika dikerjakan akan mendatangkan kebaikan yang besar
atau kemaslahatan. <i>Mashlahat</i> disebut juga <i>mashlahat</i> yang <i>mutlak</i>.
Karena tidak ada dalil yang mengakui keabsahan atau kebatalannya. Jadi
pembentuk hukum dengan cara <i>mashlahat</i> semata-mata untuk mewujudkan
kemaslahatan manusia dengan arti untuk mendatangkan manfaat dan menolak ke-<i>mudharat</i>-an
dan kerusakan bagi manusia.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: BookAntiqua-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: BookAntiqua; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">membedakan antara kata maslahat dengan kemaslahatan. Kata maslahat,
menurut kamus tersebut, diartikan sesuatu yang mendatangkan kebaikan, fa</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: BookAntiqua; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">i</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: BookAntiqua; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">dah dan guna. Sedangkan kata kemaslahatan mempunyai makna kegunaan,
kebaikan, manfaat, kepentingan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, jelas bahwa </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: BookAntiqua-Italic; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia </span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: BookAntiqua; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">melihat bahwa kata maslahat dimasukkan sebagai kata dasar, sedangkan
kata kemaslahatan dimasukkan sebagai kata benda jadian yang berasal dari kata maslahat
yang mendapatkan awalan ke dan akhiran an.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Kata </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">masslahat</span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> secara bahasa berasal dari kata </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">shalaha</span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> yang berarti baik dan menjadi lawan kata dari
buruk, sehingga secara etimologis, kata </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">maslahat</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">digunakan untuk menunjukkan</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">jika sesuatu
itu baik atau seseorang menjadi baik.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Namun secara terminologis dalam usul
fikih, baik dan buruk dalam pengertian </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> ini
menjadi terbatasi. Sebagaimana dalam buku Amir Syarifuddin dinyatakan; 1) Sandaran
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> adalah petunjuk </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">syarâ’ </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">bukan semata-mata berdasarkan akal
manusia yang sangat terbatas, mudah terprovokasi oleh pengaruh lingkungan dan
hawa nafsu. 2) Baik dan buruk dalam kajian </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
tiak hanya terbatas pada persoalan-persoalan duniawi melainkan juga urusan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ukhrawi. 3) Maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> dalam kacamata </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">syara’, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">tidak hanya dinilai dari kesenangan
fisik semata-mata, namun juga dari sisi kesenangan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rûhaniyah.</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Para ulama yang menjadikan <i>ma<u>s</u>lahat</i>
sebagai salah satu dalil <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syara',</i>
menyatakan bahwa dasar hukum <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ma<u>s</u>lahat</i>,
berdasarkan: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persoalan yang dihadapi manusia selalu
tumbuh dan berkembang, demikian pula kepentingan dan keperluan hidupnya.
Kenyataan menunjukkan bahwa banyak hal-hal atau persoalan yang tidak terjadi
pada masa <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Rasulullah <i>saw</i>.,</span>
kemudian timbul dan terjadi pada masa-masa sesudahnya, bahkan ada yang terjadi
tidak lama setelah <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Rasulullah <i>saw</i>.,
</span>meninggal dunia. Seandainya tidak ada dalil yang dapat memecahkan
hal-hal yang demikian berarti akan sempitlah kehidupan manusia. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Dalîl </span>yang dimaksud adalah dalil yang
dapat menetapkan mana yang merupakan kemaslahatan manusia dan mana yang tidak
sesuai dengan dasar-dasar umum dari agama Islam. Jika hal itu telah ada, maka
dapat direalisir <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">kema<u>s</u>lahatan</span>
manusia pada setiap masa, keadaan dan tempat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level4 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebenarnya para <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sahabat, tabi'in, tabi'it tabi'in </i>dan para ulama yang datang
sesudahnya telah melaksanakannya, sehingga mereka dapat segera menetapkan hukum
sesuai dengan kemaslahatan kaum muslimin pada masa itu. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Khalîfah Abû Bakar t</span>elah mengumpulkan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Alquran. Khalîfah Umar </span>telah menetapkan talak yang dijatuhkan
tiga kali sekaligus jatuh tiga, padahal pada masa Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw</i>., hanya jatuh satu. Khalifah Utsman
telah memerintahkan penulisan<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> al-Qur’an</span>
dalam satu <i>mushaf</i>. Khalîfah Ali pun telah menghukum bakar hidup golongan
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Syi'ah Rafidhah </i>yang memberontak,
kemudian diikuti oleh para ulama yang datang sesudahnya.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;">Obyek
<strong><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">ma<u>s</u>lahat</span></i></strong><b>,</b> ialah kejadian atau
peristiwa yang perlu ditetapkan hukumnya, tetapi tidak ada satupun <i>nash</i>
(<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Qurân</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Sunnah</i>) yang dapat dijadikan dasarnya. Prinsip ini disepakati
oleh kebanyakan pengikut madzhab yang ada dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fiqh</i>, demikian pernyataan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Imâm
al-Qarafi al-Thûfî</span> dalam kitabnya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma<u>s</u>alihul
Mursalah</i> menerangkan bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ma<u>s</u>alihul
Mursalah</i> itu sebagai dasar untuk menetapkan hukum dalam bidang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mu'āmalah</i> dan semacamnya. Sedang dalam
soal-soal ibadah adalah <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Allah Swt.,</span>
untuk menetapkan hukumnya, karena manusia tidak sanggup mengetahui dengan
lengkap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hikmah</i> ibadat itu. Kaum <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">muslimîn</i> beribadat sesuai dengan
ketentuan-Nya yang terdapat dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Qurân
</i>dan<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> Hadith</i>.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Sejalan dengan
batasan terhadap pengertian </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> secara umum
inilah, dalam teori hukum Islam atau yang disebut</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Islamic legal
yurisprodence </span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">diperkenalkan tiga macam </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat,
</span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yaitu </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat mu’tabarah, maslahat mulghah</span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> dan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat
mursalah</span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maslahat mu’tabarah, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">didefinisikan sebagai </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang diungkapkan secara langsung baik
dalam al-Qur’an</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">maupun
hadis Nabi. Sedangkan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat mulghah, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">adalah
maslahah yang bertentangan dengan ketentuan yang termaktub dalam al-Qur’an dan
al-Hadits. Adapun </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat mursalah</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
adalah </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang tidak ditetapkan dalam al-Quran
dan hadis maupun juga tidak bertentangan dengan kedua sumber tersebut.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Ada empat hal yang menjadi tujuan dan
mendorong </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">fuqahā</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> dalam menggunakan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">istislāh</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, yaitu:</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jalb mashâlih, </span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(menarik </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">) yaitu
perkara-perkara yang di diperlukan masyarakat untuk membangun kehidupanmanusia
di atas pondasi yang kokoh.</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dar’u mafâshid, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(menolak </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mafsadat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">) yaitu perkara-perkara yang memudharatkan manusia
baik individu maupun kelompok, baik berupa materi maupun moral.</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syadz dzari’ah, </span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(menutup jalan)
yaitu menutup jalan yang dapat membawa kepada menyia-nyiakan perintah syari’ah
dan memenipulasinya, atau dapat membawa kepada larangan</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">syarâ’</span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> meskipun tanpa
disengaja.</span><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Taghayyur al-azman, </span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(perubahan
zaman) yaitu kondisi manusia, akhlak-akhlak, dan tuntutan-tuntutan umum yang
berbeda dari masa sebelumnya.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Keempat prinsip
tersebutlah yang menjadi urgen untuk digunakankan metode </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat
</span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dalam menyikapi masalah-masalah kontemporer,
sehingga Islam </span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">menjadi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">rahmatan
li al-‘âlamīn</span></i><span lang="PT-BR" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, mampu menyikapi situasi dan kondisi dalam
keadalan arif bersifat dinamis dan berkeadilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Menurut al-Ghazāli, ada beberapa hal yang harus
dicermati dalam menggunakan konsep </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,
yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> adalah menarik manfaat dan menghindarkan bahaya.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Bukan Ghazali mendefinisikan bahwa manfaat adalah tujuan setiap orang, tapi
manfaat yang ia maksud adalah bagaimana manfaat itu dalam bidang dunia dan
akhirat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">tidak hanya terbatas secara bahasa dan ‘</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">urf </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">saja, namun lebih dari itu, yaitu
memelihara tujuan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maqâshid al-syari’ah,</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
yaitu menjaga </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">usûl al-khamsah, (hifdu al-dīn, hifdzu al-nafs, hifdzu al-aql,
hifdzu al nasl, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dan
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hifdzu al-mâl</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">).<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Secara tegas al-Ghazāli mendefinisikan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">apa yang dimaksud Allah, bukan menurut
pandangan manusia, maka setiap orang yang ingin tercapainya </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">maka tidak keluar dari ajaran syariah
Islam. Karena apa yang diinginkan manusia belum tentu sama dengan kemaslahatan
Allah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">menurut al-Ghazāli merupakan sinonim dari </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">al-ma’na al- munâsib, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">sehingga dalam kondisi tertentu sering
disebut qiyas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dapat dijadikan dalil hukum Islam apabila </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pertama, maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> tersebut telah menjadi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">dzan</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> yang kuat (setelah melakukan
penelitianberdasarkan beberapa pertimbangan, mujtahid telah dapat mengambil
kesimpulan bahwa masalah itu benar-benar </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> yang sejalan dengan jenis tindakan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">syarâ’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedua, maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">itu masuk jenis </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang ditinggalkan oleh </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">syarâ’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">itu tidak bertentangan dengan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">atau ijmâ’.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn15" name="_ftnref15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #c00000; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">I</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">mam
al-Ghazali mengelompokkan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
menjadi tiga aspek, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dibedakan berdasarkan ada keabsahan normatif atau
kadar kekuatan dukungan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">kepadanya
menjadi tiga macam, yaitu; 1) </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang
didudkung keabsahannya dalam </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">syarâ’ </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dan
dapat dijadikan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">illat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dalam
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">qiyâs.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> 2) </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang didukung oleh </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">syarâ’ </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">kebatalannya.
3) </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang tidak mendapat dukungan dari </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">syarâ’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> dalam hal keabsahan maupun
kebatalannya.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn16" name="_ftnref16" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Dilihatdari aspek kekuatan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(keabsahan fungsional) itu sendiri.
Terhadap </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> ini, Ghazali memberikan syarat-syarat
pemberlakuannya, yaitu; 1) Kemaslahatannya sangat esensial dan primer </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(dharûriyah), </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Kemaslahatannya sangat jelas dan tegas </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(qat’iyyah), 3) </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Kemaslahatannya bersifat universal (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kuliyyah)</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, 4) Kemaslahatannya
berdasarkan pada dalil yang universal dari keseluruhan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qarinah</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">mu’tabarah).</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn17" name="_ftnref17" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Jenis </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ini
terkait erat dengan beberapa aspek penyempurna (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">takmilan </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tatimah</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">).<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn18" name="_ftnref18" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Dalam rumusan berbeda juga disebutkan, bahwa
legalitas </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dalam kajian </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">usul fikih</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> harus di dasarkan pada
krieteria-kriteria adalah; 1) </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">itu
harus bersifat pasti, bukan sekedar rekaan atau anggapan bahwa ia memang
mewujudkan suatu manfaat, atau mencegah terjadinya kemudharatan. 2) </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">itu bukan hanya kepentingan pribadi,
atau sebagian kecil masyarakat, namun bersifat umum. 3) Hasil penalaran </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> itu tidak berujung pada pengabaian
suatu prinsip yang telah ditetapkan oleh </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash syari’ah.</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn19" name="_ftnref19" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pandangan Najmuddin al-Tûfi tentang <i>maslahat</i>
bertolak dari konsep <i>maqâshid al-syarī’ah</i> yang menegaskan bahwa hukum
Islam itu disyari’atkan untuk mewujudkan kemaslahatan kemanusiaan universal.
Pembahasannya tentang <i>maslahat</i> bertolak dari hadits Rasulullah <i>saw</i>.
:”<i>Tidak boleh memudaratkan dan tidak boleh pula dimudaratkan orang lain</i>”
(Hadits Riwayat al-Hakim, al-Baihaqi, al-Daruqutni, Ibnu majah dan Ahmad ibn
Hanbal). Kandungan hukum dari hadits ini, menurut al-Tûfi adalah “<i>Tidak sah
tindakan yang menyebabkan kerugian (pada orang lain) kecuali karena sebab yang
memaksa (seperti hukuman bagi pelanggar hukum yang dibenarkan oleh syara’.)</i>”.
Sangsi hukum atau kerugian semacam ini merupakan pengecualian dari aturan umum
mengenai tidak bolehnya tindakan merugikan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Argumen al-Tûfi untuk mendukung tidak boleh
melakukan tindakan yang merugikan orang lain, didasarkan pada firman Allah,
misalnya Tuhan menginginkan kemudahan untuk kamu, dan tidak menginginkan kesulitan
untuk kamu. (QS al-Baqarah; 2:185). “<i>Allah ingin meringankan beban kamu”</i>
(QS al-Nisâ’: 28) “<i>Dia (Allah) tidak menetapkan kesulitan kamu dalam agama” </i>(QS
al-Mâidah: 6).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut al-Tûfi, hadits <i>la dzarâra wa la
dzirâra</i> diatas, memberikan prinsip umum mengenai tidak bolehnya melakukan
tindakan yang merugikan,yaitu tidak boleh melakukan atau menyebabkan kerugian
atau kerusakan sosial, harus diberi prioritas pertimbangan diatas seluruh
sumber hukum tradisional atau argument-argumen madzhab-madzhab hukum muslim;
harus membatasi serta mengkhususkan validitas atau aplikasi sumber-sumber hukum
tersebut dalam rangka mengakhiri terciptanya kerugian dan kejahatan sosial
sebagai upaya merealisasikan kebaikan atau kemaslahatan sosial dalam praktek
actual. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber-sumber hukum tradisional yang paling
kuat menurut al-Tûfi adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">consensus</i>
para ahli hukum (<i>ijmâ’</i>) dan teks-teks keagamaan (al-Qur’an dan Sunnah
atau hadits-hadits Nabi). Jika dua sumber ini sejalan dengan perlindungan
kemasalahatan manusia, maka semuanya berjalan dengan baik dan tidak ada yang
perlu dipermasalahkan. Namun, jika tidak sejalan, maka perlidungan kemaslahatan
menduduki prioritas di atas kedua sumber tersebut. Pemberian prioritas kepada
perlindungan kemaslahatan, kata al-Tûfi tidak dimaksudkan untuk menghentikan
atau menyangkal serta total validitas dua sumber tersebut, tetapi untuk
menjelaskan fungsinya yang proposional. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurutnya, perlindungan terhadap
kemaslahatan manusia merupakan sumber atau prinsip hukum paling tinggi dan
paling kokoh karena ia merupakan tujuan pertama agama dan poros utama dari
maksud syari’ah. Untuk mendukung pendapat ini, al-Tûfi menyatakan bahwa
perlindungan terhadap kemaslahatan manusia sebagai tujuan dibalik semua aturan
hukum, dibalik petunjuk Tuhan dan penciptaan manusia serta cara-cara untuk
memperoleh mata pencaharian mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsekwensinya, dalam pendangan al-Tûfi,
hakim tertinggi atau otoritas paling tinggi dari kemaslahatan hukum dan sosial
manusia adalah akal atau intelegensia manusia sendiri. Sebab menurutnya,
kemaslahatan hukum atau sosial manusia diketahui atau dapat diketahui oleh
mereka melalui sinaran intelegensi, akal atau pengalamanhidup mereka.
Pengetahuan atau pola pemahaman seperti ini sangat alami dan telah dianugrahkan
oleh Tuhan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh sebab itu, kata al-Tûfi bahwa
perlindungan terhadap kemaslahatan manusia merupakan sesuatu yang <i>riil</i>
didalam dirinya dan tidak diperdebatkan. Lain halnya dengan teks-teks
keagamaan, yang menurut al-Tûfi saling berbeda dan bertentangan, tidak seperti
perlindungan terhadap kemaslahatan manusia, yang dipandang sebagai sesuatu yang
<i>riil</i> dan subtansial. Teks-teks keagamaan, kadang-kadang bersifat <i>mutawâtir</i>
dan kadang bersifat <i>ahad</i>, kadang jelas dalam pernyataannya (secara
harfiah dalam aturan hukumnya atau <i>qath’i</i>) dan ada pula muhtamal (<i>dhanni</i>).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsekuensinya, jika teks tersebut <i>mutawâtir</i>
dan <i>qath’i</i> maka bersifat meyakinkan atau pasti, tetapi bisa jadi ia<i>muhtamal</i>
atau <i>dhanni</i> dari segi keumuman atau ketidakterbatasan signifikansinya.
Jika demikian, ia menyatakan, maka kepastian absolut disangkal atau diragukan.
Termasuk jika teks hadits adalah <i>ahad</i> atau tidak <i>mutawâtir</i>, maka
ia dikatakan tidak meyakinkan, tidak peduli apakah ia jelas dalam pernyataannya
ataukah tidak, karena otentisitas periwayatannya <span class="skimlinks-unlinked">meragukan.Oleh</span> sebab itu, perlindungan terhadap
kemslahatan manusia dipandang lebih kuat atau lebih meyakinkan dari teks. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Tûfi lebih mendahulukan kemaslahatan
manusia dari pada <i>ijmâ’</i>, beragumentasi bahwa; <i>Pertama</i>, ia menolak
para ahli hukum yang mengklaim tidak ada kemungkinan salah baikyang dinisbatkan
pada <i>ijmâ’</i> mereka sendiri maupun pada consensus fiktif dari seluruh kaum
muslimin. Klaim ini didasarkan terutama pada hadits Nabi : “<i>Umatku tidak
akan bersepakat pada kesesatan</i>“ Ia menyatakan, jika <i>ijmâ’</i> adalah
bukti yang tidak dapat dibantah, maka hal itu mungkin disebabkanoleh
person-person sendiri, orang yang bersepakat secara bulat, atau karena
kesaksian terhadap tidak dapat salahnya mereka oleh “<i>teks keagamaan</i>”,
yaitu oleh hadits disandarkan kepada Nabi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
hadits “<i>Umatku tidak akan bersepakat pada kesesatan</i>” tidak berarti bahwa
kaum muslimin telah bersepakat bulat atau bahwa <i>ijmâ’</i> mereka tidak dapat
salah atau bahwa seseorang harus mengikutinya. Ia beralasan bahwa (a) banyak
kaum muslimin yang menolak kandungan atau otentisitas hadits ini dan juga <i>ijmâ’</i>
sendiri, termasuk khawarij, kaum Syī’ah, kaum Zahiri dan orang-orang semisal
al-Nazzam, tokoh Mu’tazilah.(b) klaim bahwa <i>ijmâ’</i> masyarakat Muslim
secara keseluruhan telah diterima merupakan suatu klaim, kata al-Tûfi, yang
dibuat melalui <i>ijmâ’</i> yakni ijma’ hukum, untuk membuktikan atau
meligimasi <i>ijmâ’</i>, yang merupakan metode argument yang salah yang
mengandung upaya untuk membuktikan sesuatu dengan dirinya sendiri. (c) al-Tûfi
mengatakan jika ia adalah hadits <i>mutawâtir</i> atau menyebar luas, maka
seseorang masih tidak dapat memberinya kepastian yang mewajibkan untuk
mengikutinya. Sebab, mungkin saja (dengan asumsi haditstersebut otentik) maksud
Nabi pada hadits itu adalah umatku tidak akan sepakat pada kesepakatan tidak
adanya iman (kufur) (makna non-tradisional Alquran mengenai kufur adalah
penyembunyian atau penyangkalan kebenaran atau segala sesuatu sebagaimana
adanya). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh sebab itu, ia berkesimpulan bahwa
hadits semacam ini bukan merupakan bukti atau argument yang kuat atau wajibnya
mengikuti <i>ijmâ’</i>, kecuali menyangkut iman sebagai lawan dari kufur. <i>Ketiga,</i>
al-Tûfi mempertentangkan maksud dari hadits diatas, Umatku tidak akan
bersepakat pada kesesatan dengan hadits lain yang disandarkan pada Nabi, Umatku
akan terpecahbelah menjadi 73 kelompok, semuanya di neraka kecuali satu. Ia
kemudian menyatakan apa yang dimaksud dengan umat yang tidak akan bersepakat
pada kesesatan adalah semua 73 kelompok atau satu kelompok diantara yang
selamat dari api neraka. Jika yang dimaksud adalah seluruh kelompok, maka hal
itu menurutnya tidak valid, karena dua alasan (1) sebagian dari mereka tidak
mendukung <i>ijmâ’</i>, seperti sudah disebutkan, dan dengan demikian, tidak
valid untuk mempertimbangkan <i>ijmâ’</i> dari orang-orang yang menolak <i>ijmâ’</i>.
(2), diantara kelompok-kelompok umat Islam, ada beberapa kelompok yang
dipandang tidak beriman karena <i>bid’ah</i> mereka, dan dengan demikian, orang
kafir tidak dipandang termasuk didalam <i>ijmâ’</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akan tetapi, jika yang dimaksud adalah
kelompok yang selamat, maka kelompok semacam ini, kata al-Tûfi bukan seluruh
umat Islam, tetapi hanya sekitar sepertujuh puluh tiga dari seluruh umat. Oleh
sebab itu kandungan hadits yang disandarkan pada nabi menjadi sepertujuh puluh
tiga umat muslim tidak akan bersepakat pada kesesatan. Ini merupakan ungkapan
yang meragukan, kata al-Tûfi, yang tidak layak disandarkan pada Nabi. Atau
dengan kata lain, hal ini merupakan pemalsuan, meskipun al-Tûfi tampaknya
dengan sengaja menolak mengatakan demikian secara langsung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Kreteria di atas, tidak menjadikan sebuah batasan
terhadap</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">bagi al-Tûfi, yang dikenal dengan tokoh
Kontroversial, dari madzhab Hanbali dinilai berlebihan dalam menilai </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat.</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn20" name="_ftnref20" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Mengingat dalam pandangan al-Tûfi,
pembagian </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat
</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">sebagaimana
pembahasan di atas, sebenarnya tidak ada dengan alasan tujuan syari’ah adalah
kemaslahatan</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">maka
dengan demikian, segala bentuk kemaslahatan didukung atau tidak didukung oleh
teks suci harus dicapai tanpa merinci kedalam pembagian </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> secara kategoris.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn21" name="_ftnref21" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Imam Malik sebagai orang yang pertama kali
menggunakan teori </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">berpendapat
bahwa </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat
</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang dapat dijadikan
sebagai sumber hukum harus memenui beberapa kreteria, yaitu adanya kesesuaian
dengan tujuan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">syâri’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang
secara umum didukung serta tidak bertentangan dengan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash.</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn22" name="_ftnref22" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Pandangan al-Tûfi tentu berbeda terhadap
pandangan terhadap </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">secara
umum yang telah dikemukakan oleh para ulama’ termasuk al-Ghazali. Jika para
ulama’ selain al-Tûfi memaknai eksistensi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> yang masih dalam lingkaran </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">syarâ’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, maka al-Thûfi lebih jauh melangkah
dan cenderung melandaskan konstelasi</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">pada
superioritas oleh akal, karena akal manusia menurut al-Tûfi lebih objektif
dalam memposisikan kreteria </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dibandingkan
dengan pertentangan antara </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash-nash syar’i. </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">sehingga
dengan demikian, validitas kehujahan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">harus
diprioritaskan atas dalil-dalil lain termasuk </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash syar’i.</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn23" name="_ftnref23" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Argument al-Tûfi berdasarkan pada hadits nabi yang
berbunyi</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> lâ
dharâra wa la dhirâra. </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Menurut
al-Tûfi, hadits ini adalah prinsip syari’ah yang sangat asasi, karena </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> pada hakekatnya adalah untuk mencegah
kesulitan yang diperlukan guna memberikan kemudahan bagi orang yang sedang
menghadapi kesulitan. Maka konsekuensinya, jika ada </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dan
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ijmâ’ </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang harus menyesuaikan dengan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> dalam kasus tertentu, maka hal
tersebut harus dilakukan, namun sebaliknya, jika antara </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ijmâ’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
bertentangan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
maka kedua dalil tersebut harus tunduk pada </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat.</span></i><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn24" name="_ftnref24" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Pandangan al-Tûfi ini berasumsi bahwa </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(al-Qur’an dan al-sunnah), yang dibuat
oleh </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">al</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">-</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syâri’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,
untuk kemaslahatan manusia dan tidak sebaliknya, namun jika terdapat argument
yang menganggap </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">tidak
relevan, maka harus dikembalikan pada </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, namun demikian al-Tûfi hanya mendefinisikan dalam
bidang muamalah dan ‘</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">âdat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
saja, karena wilayah ibadah hanya al-</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syâri’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
yang secara mutlak mengaturnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Pengunggulan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">terhadap </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dan
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ijmâ’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> bagi al-Tûfi didasarkan pada beberapa
argumen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Kehujahan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ijmâ’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> masih diperselisihkan, sedangkan
kehujahan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat
</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">telah disepakati oleh
para ulama’, sehingga mendahulukan sesuatu yang disepakati lebih utama daripada
sesuatu yang masihdiperselisihkan.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn25" name="_ftnref25" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nash
</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">memungkinkan bayak
pertentangan sehingga menimbulkan perbedaan pendapat, sedangkan memelihara
kemaslahatan secara substansial merupakan sesuatu yang hakiki, sehingga
pengutamaan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
adalah sebab terjadinya kesepakatan yang dikehendaki oleh </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">syarâ’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Secara faktual
terdapat beberapa </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang
ditolak oleh para sahabat karena berdasarkan pada pertimbangan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, salah satunya adalah hadits Nabi yang
artinya “</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Barang
siapa yang mengucapkan kalimat la ilaha illallah maka masuk surga”.</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> Umar melarang penyebaran hadits ini
karena berdasarkan pertimbangan kemaslahatan, andai saja lafadz ini disebarkan,
maka akan timbul kemalasan untuk beribadah hanya dengan hanya mengandalkan
hadits tersebut.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn26" name="_ftnref26" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Namun satu hal yang harus dicatat,
dalam konteks </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ini.
al-Tûfi membagi hukum Islam kedalam dua katagori, yaitu hukum Islam dan
katagori ibadah yang maksud dan maknanya telah ditentukan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">syâri’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> sehingga akal manusia tidak mampuuntuk
menalarnya secara detail. Selain katagori ibadah, al-Tûfi juga membagi hukum
Islam kedalam katagori </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">muamalat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
yang makna dan maksudnya dapat dijangkau oleh akal. Dalam katagori inilah</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">menjadi pedoman baik dikala ada </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">maupun </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ijmâ’</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
atau pun tanpa adanya dua dalil tersebut.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn27" name="_ftnref27" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Secara operasional, </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> al-Tûfi khususnyadalam ranah mu’amalah
ini dibangun atas empat prinsip, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Istiqlâl
al’uqûl bi idrâk al-masâlih wa al-mafâsid</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (akal semata-mata dapat mengetahui tentang
kemaslahatan dan kemafsadatan).</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Al-maslahah
dalīlun syar’iyyun mustaqillun ‘an al-nusush</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
adalah dalil independen yang terlepas dari </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">).</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Majâl
al’amal bi al-maslahat humâ al-muâmalat wa al-‘âdat dûna al-ibâdat wa
al-muqaddarah </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(ranah
pengamalan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslaha</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">adalah bidang muamalahdan adat bukan
ibadah dan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">muqaddarah</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">).</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Al-maslahah
aqwâ adillat al-syar’i </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">adalah dalil hukum Islam yang paling
kuat). <a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn28" name="_ftnref28" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari
penjelasan konsep </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang
dipaparkanal-Tûfi dan al-Ghazali, pada prinsipnya memiliki tujuan yang sama
yaitu kemaslahatan bagi manusia dan menghindarkan kemudharatannya, al-Ghazali
justru membagi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
pada tiga kreteria, yaitu; </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat mu’tabarah, maslahat mulghah</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat mursalah, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">pembagian ini tentunya berdasarkan
analisa yang tajam oleh Ghazali. Justru al-Tûfi tidak berbicara pada tataran </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat mu’tabarah, </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">karena ia masuk dalam kreteria </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">qiyâs </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang justru bukan dari bagian </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">yang dimaksud, al-Tûfi banyak
mengembangkan penalaran dan logika dalam menentukan kemaslahatan, karena akal
manusia pada dasarnya dapat membedakan antara yang </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> dan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mudharat. </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Al-Tûfi
menganggap bahwa akal lebih tinggi nilainya dalam penilaian </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">, dan inilah yang mungkin kemudian
bahwa al-Tûfi dianggap berlebihan dalam memaknai konsep </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meskipun
demikian, al-Ghazali dan al-Tûfi sama-sama ulama hebat yang mampu mencetuskan
suatu konsep serta mengembangkannya dalam menyikapi permasalahan agama di era
kontemporer yang selalu berkembang dan kompleks, sedangkan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">nash</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(Alquran dan al-Sunnah) sebagai sumber
hukum Islam belum memberikan dasar hukumnya. Meskipun al-Tûfi memberikan konsep
yang beda dibandingkan al-Ghazali, namun ia tetap masih memberikan pembatasan
pada konsep </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
hanya terbatas pada hal-hal </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mu’amalat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
dan ‘</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">âdat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> dan bukan wilayah ibadah dan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">muqaddarah</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> (perkara yang sudah ada dalilnya).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">REKONSTRUKSI TENTANG HAK
DAN KEWAJIBAN SUAMI ISTERI DALAM PERSPEKTIF FIKIH FEMINIS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam
realitas yang terjadi saat ini, bisa dikatakan bahwa hampir tidak ada perempuan
yang bisa dibatasi ruang geraknya hanya di wilayah domistik. Secara tidak langsung
mereka dituntut untuk mengikuti perkembangan zaman dengan segala
perubahan-perubahannya. Tafsir-tafsir klasik merupakan refleksi dari kondisi
sosio-kultural yang mereka hadapi saat itu. Apalagi Islam dikatakan <i>shālihun
fi kulli zamān wa makān</i>, maka pikiran-pikiran keagamaan secara klasik dalam
tafsir-tafsir tersebut perlu mendapatkan penyesuaian kembali dengan situasi
sosio-kultural saat ini.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn29" name="_ftnref29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Al-Qur’an secara normati</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">f</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> menegaskan konsep
kesetaraan antara laki-laki dan perempuan. Konsep kesetaraan itu mengisyaratkan
dua hal; <i>Pertama, </i>dalam pengertian yang umum, ini berarti penerimaan
martabat kedua jenis kelamin dalam ukuran yang sama.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <i>Kedua, </i></span>orang harus mengetahui bahwa laki-laki dan
perempuan mempunyai hak-hak yang setara dalam bidang so</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">s</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ial, ekonomi dan politik.<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Husein Muhammad, gender adalah <i>behabioral difference </i>antara
laki-laki dan perempuan yang <i>socially constructed.</i> Yakni perbedaan yang
bukan kodrat atau bukan ciptaan tuhan melainkan diciptakan oleh baik laki-laki
maupun perempuan melalui proses sosial dan budaya yang panjang, perbedaan
perilaku antara laki-laki dan perempuan tidaklah sekedar biologis, namun
melalui proses sosial kultur.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn30" name="_ftnref30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum <i>stereotipe</i> adalah pelabelan atau penandaan
terhadap suatu kelompok tertentu yang merugikan dan menimbulkan ketidak adilan.
Salah satu jenis stereotif itu adalah bersumber dari pandangan yang bias
gender. Streotif bias gender merupakan suatu bentuk penindasan ideologi dan
kultural, yakni dengan pemberian label tertentu yang memojokkan kaum perempuan.
<i>Stereotipe</i> laki-laki sebagai pencari nafkah juga berdampak pada
menganalisasi perempuan. Akibatnya, stereotif ini menjadikan apa saja yang
dihasilkan oleh perempuan hanya dipandang sebagai sambilan atau tambahan dalam
memenuhi kebutuhan keluarganya, meskipun tidak jarang pendapatan perempuan atau
isteri lebih tinggi dari laki-laki atau suaminya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akibat semua pekerjaan domestik menjadi tanggung jawabnya, maka
beban pekerjaan perempuan menjadi lebih berat. Perempuan menerima pekerjaan
menjaga kebersihan dan kerapihan rumah tangga, mulai dari memasak, mencuci,
menyetrika dan mengasuh anak. Bagi keluarga menengah, maka beban ini akan
dikerjakan oleh pembantu rumah tangga. Akan tetapi, pembantu rumah tangga ini
pada umumnya adalah perempuan, yang sampai saat ini belum terlindungi secara
memadai oleh hukum negara. Sementara itu pada kalangan keluarga miskin, beban
kerja perempuan menjadi berlipat ganda di samping harus membereskan urusan
rumah tangga, mereka juga harus membantu bekerja di sektor publik untuk
membantu mencari nafkah tambahan bagi keluarganya. Curahan waktu dan tenaga
yang dihabiskan oleh perempuan lebih banyak dan berat daripada laki-laki.
Perempuanlah yang paling belakang menuju ke pembaringan di malam hari dan
paling cepat bangun di pagi hari. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa jam kerja
isteri sejak dari sebelum suami bangun sampai mata suami terpejam.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekerasan yang mengenai adanya pandangan gender, perempuan pada
umumnya disebabkan pandangan gender. Bentuk kekerasan fisik maupun non fisik,
yang berlaku di tingkat rumah tangga, tingkat negara bahkan sampai pada tafsir
agama.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn32" name="_ftnref32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a> Salah satu bentuk
kekerasan fisik adalah pemerkosaan dalam perkawinan, aneh kedengarannya dalam
kehidupan suami isteri yang terikat perkawinan terjadi pemerkosaan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Al-Qur’an sangat bijaksana dengan menyebutkan bahwa hubungan suami
isteri harus dibangun dengan cara <i>mu’âsyarah bi al-ma’rûf. </i>Suami yang baik<i>
</i>adalah suami yang dapat menyenangkan, menjaga dan membantu isterinya
seperti isterinya menyenangkannaya, menjaganya dan membantunya serta suami
harus sabar atas kekurangan isterinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Mansour Fakih, suatu ketidakadilan harus mendapatkan tindak lanjut</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, menekankan pada sikap bagaimana menanamkan serta merubah gaya
hidup masyarakat kita saat ini agar terbangun sebuah kultur baru yang bersifat
bilateral, sehingga kebiasaan dan pemahaman serta sikap terhadap anak laki-laki
sama dengan perempuan, agar dapat terwujud sebuah keadilan gender. Sedangkan perempuan
yang menentang feminism<i>.</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada banyak faktor yang menyebabkan kaum perempuan
mengalami bias gender, sehingga mereka belum setara. 1) budaya patriarkhi yang
sedemikian lama mendominasi dalam masyarakat, 2) faktor politik, yang belum
sepenuhnya berpihak kepada kaum perempuan, 3) faktor ekonomi, dimana sistem
kapitalisme global yang melanda dunia, sering kali justru mengekploitasi kaum
perempuan, 4) faktor intepretasi teks-teks agama yang bias gender.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Syafiq
Hasyim berpendapat bahwa kesetaraan sebagai prinsip utama keadilan yaitu
memandang setara seimbang kedudukan laki-laki dan perempuan, tidak berdasarkan
pada perbedaan-perbedaan yang bersifat kodrati. Sebenarnya Syafiq lebih
menekankan makna filosofis dari laki-laki dan perempuan itu seimbang di hadapan
Allah kecuali dalam hal ketakwaan, namun dalam hak dan kewajiban dalam rumah
tangga seimbang dan tidak harus dibeda-bedakan kecuali dalam hal <i>seks</i>
yaitu perbedaan kelamin.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn34" name="_ftnref34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Menurut
Husain Muhammad, saling terkait dan saling memengaruhi, baik kepada laki-laki
maupun perempuan, secara terstruktur, yang pada akhirnya antara lak-laki dan
perempuan menjadi terbiasa dan terpercaya bahwa peran gender itu seakan-akan
kodrat Tuhan, yang dapat diterima dan dianggap sebagai suatu yang tidak harus
dikoreksi.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn35" name="_ftnref35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Nasarudin Umar,</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bahwa kepemimpinan dalam keluarga merupakan
sesuatu yang <i>given </i>untuk suami. Alasan utama mengapa suami dengan
sendirinya sebagai pemimpin keluarga adalah karena adanya <i>fadl </i>(kelebihan)
yang dimilikinya atas wanita, yang dianggapnya sebagai sesuatu yang mutlak. Di
samping itu, <i>infaq </i>atau pemberian nafkah yang dibebankan kepada lelaki
atas isteri dan anggota keluarga yang lain juga sebagai alasan mengapa mereka
(suami) yang harus memegang kekuasaan dalam keluarga.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn36" name="_ftnref36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nasaruddin
lebih menekankan dari sisi penafsiran, bahwa laki-laki dan perempuan adalah
mitra yang mampu bekerjasama dan saling membantu antara yang satu dengan yang
lainnya. Bahkan suami maupun isteri sama-sama memiliki hak untuk menjadi
pemimpin rumah tangga apabila isteri memiliki <i>fadl</i> yang berperan dalam
urusan publik, namun siapaun yang menjadi kepala rumah tangga hendaknya
mengedepankan prinsip <i>sakinah, mawaddah wa rahmah</i> untuk menjaga
keberlangsungan rumah tangga<i>.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Nasharuddin</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terjadinya ketidak adilan disebabkan</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; 1) belum jelasnya antara seks dan gender
dalam mendefinisikan peren laki-laki dan perempuan. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) pengaruh kisah-kisah <i>Isra’iliyyat</i> yang berkembang luas
di kawasan Timur Tengah. 3) metode penafsiran yang selama ini banyak mengacu
pada pendekatan tekstual daripada kontekstual. 4) kemungkinan lainnya pembaca
tidak netral menilai teks-teks ayat al-Qur’an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau dipengaruhi oleh perspektif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lain dalam membaca ayat-ayat yang terkait dengan gender, sehingga
seolah-olah dikesankan bahwa al-Qur’an memihak kepada laki-laki dan mendukung
system patriarkhi yang dinilai oleh kalangan feminis merugikan perempuan. Bias
gender bisa disebabkan oleh cara membaca ayat-ayat gender secara persial.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn37" name="_ftnref37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Posisi
perempuan yang disubordinat laki-laki sesungguhnya muncul dan lahir dari sebuah
bangunan masyarakat atau peradaban yang dikuasai laki-laki, yang secara popular
dikenal dengan peradaban patriarkhi. Oleh karena itu, maka akan menjadi
kesalahan besar apabila ingin memposisikan perempuan dalam setting budaya
seperti itu kedalam setting social dan budaya modern seperti sekarang ini. Kenyataan
dewasa ini memperlihatkan bahwa pandangan mengenai kehebatan laki-laki dan
kelemahan perempuan dari sisi intelektual dan profesi tengah digugat dan
diruntuhkan, meski tangan hegemonik laki-laki masih berusaha (melalui kesadaran
atau tidak) untuk tetap mempertahankan superioritas dirinya.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn38" name="_ftnref38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Menurut
Husein, secara sosiologis dan kultural, Islam memang hadir pertama kali pada
masyarakat Arab yang sangat kental berbudaya <i>patriarkhi</i>. Mereka sangat
mengagung-agungkan laki-laki dan kelelakian, dan sebaliknya merendahkan potensi
kaum perempuan. Budaya seperti itu ikut mempengaruhi dan membentuk kesadaran
dan asumsi bahwa perempuan adalah makhluk yang pasif, sementara laki-laki
ditakdirkan untuk terus aktif. asumsi seperti itu, sangat mempengaruhi bentuk
penghayatan keagamaan yang kita warisi sampai saat ini.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"> <a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn39" name="_ftnref39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">M</span><span class="kcmread1114"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">enurut Husein, </span></span><span class="kcmread1114"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">pada
prinsipnya, </span></span><span class="kcmread1114"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN;">keadilan
dan kemaslahatan harus menjadi dasar dalam membuat hukum. </span></span><span class="kcmread1114"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Hukum
bisa berubah apabila tidak ditemukan kebaikan sosial. Produk fikih bercorak
patriarkis mendominasi seluruh ruang domestik termasuk dalam pernikahan.
Perempuan dimiliki suami, akibatnya isteri tak memiliki hak seksual atas
suaminya dan juga kontrol atas dirinya sendiri karena seluruh tubuhnya adalah
milik suami. Dampaknya, perempuan sebagai isteri tertutup dan malu untuk
mengungkapkan hasratnya terhadap suami. Hal lain bisa ditemukan dalam
kepemimpinan dalam rumah tangga, di mana perempuan tidak memiliki hak sebagai
pemimpin. Dampaknya bagi perempuan adalah sulit mengambil keputusan dalam rumah
tangga, bahkan atas dirinya. Isteri akhirnya sangat bergantung kepada suami.
Hak asasi perempuan sebagai isteri menjadi ternafikan.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"> <span class="kcmread1114">Fikih bisa bersifat adil terhadap perempuan, yakni dengan
mencari dan menyeleksi produk fikih yang relevan dengan perspektif keadilan. Fikih
menjadi pandangan yang akan selalu melahirkan perbedaan pendapat. Karenanya,
keputusan negara harus diambil. Keputusan negara mengikat dan menghapus
kontroversi.</span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn40" name="_ftnref40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span class="kcmread1114"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Lebih
lanjut Husein Muhammad memberikan tanggapan bahwa j<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">ika kebudayaan adalah realitas kehidupan masyarakat manusia yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meliputi tradisi-tradisi, pola perilaku
manusia keseharian, hukum, pikiran dan keyakinan, maka kebudayaan yang tampak
secara umum masih memperlihatkan dengan jelas keberpihakannya pada kaum laki-laki.
Orang menyebutnya dengan budaya patriarki. Dalam kebudayaan ini, memapankan
peran laki-laki untuk melakukan dan menentukan apa saja, disadari atau tidak,
mendapatkan pembenaran. Sebaliknya perempuan berada dalam posisi subordinat. Ia
menjadi bagian dari laki-laki dan menggantungkan nasib hidupnya kepada
laki-laki. Otonomi perempuan berkurang. Keadaan ini sering kali terbukti
melahirkan sebuah proses marjinalisasi, bahkan juga ekploitasi dan kekerasan
atas kaum perempuan. Ini terjadi dalam segala ruang, baik domestik maupun
public</span>.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn41" name="_ftnref41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Inilah fakta sosial dalam masyarakat, kesadaran
laki-laki dan perempuan cukup lemah. Penilaian yang bias terhadap perempuan
tersebut pada dasarnya juga berawal dari tiga buah asumsi dasar tentang
keyakinan beragama, yaitu;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1) Asumsi
dokmatis yang secara eksplisit menempatkan perempuan sebagai pelengkap, 2)
Dogma bahwa bakat moral etik perempuan lebih rendah, 3) Pandangan
materialistik, ideologi masyarakat Makkah pra-Islam yang memandang peren
perempuan dalam proses produksi.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn42" name="_ftnref42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbeda dengan konsep Masdar Farid Mas’udi
memandang hak isteri untuk mendapatkan nafkah dan jaminan kesejahteraan dari
suami, di samping karena secara normatif telah disebutkan dalam <i>na<u>s</u></i>
(al-Qur’an dan hadist), juga karena istri mempunyai peran dan tanggung jawab
yang cukup besar dalam reproduksi dan pengelolaan rumah tangga. Sangat tidak
adil jika perempuan atau isteri dibebani pula dengan masalah pembiayaan hidup
(untuk keperluan makan, tempat tinggal, pakaian, kesehatan, dan sebagainya).
Maka sudah selayaknya suami memikul tanggung jawab tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip mendasar dalam menetapkan nafkah suami
kepada isterinya adalah dalam rangka menjaga anggota keluarga terbebas dari
keterlantaran. Sehingga dalam soal jumlah nafkah yang harus diberikan penulis
cenderung kepada pendapat yang mengatakan bahwa hal itu sangat tergantung
kepada kebutuhan rumah tangga (istri dan anak-anak) di satu pihak dan kemampuan
suami di lain pihak. Akan tetapi, jika sampai keluarga terlantar karena suami
tidak memperhatikan kewajiban nafkahnya, istri dapat mengajukan gugatan cerai
(jika keadaan benar-benar memaksanya).<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn43" name="_ftnref43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Musdah Mulia lebih kepada pemahaman kontekstual,
bahwa kenyataannya tidak semua laki-laki mampu berperan melebihi peran
perempuan, maka dalam hal ini tidak dapat dipaksakan bahwa suami harus menjadi
kepala rumah tangga dan isteri sebagai ibu rumah tangga, bisa dimungkinkan
ternyata istri lebih mampu disektor publik, maka isteri akan dapat memegang peran
pemimpin dalam rumah tangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Musdah Mulia mengkaji surat al-Nisa ayat 32 dari
segi bahasa, menurutnya kata <i>rijāl</i> dan <i>al</i>-<i>nisā’</i> bukan
satu-satunya istilah yang dipakai dalam al-Qur’an untuk mengungkapkan makna
laki-laki dan perempuan. Karena menurutnya, di dalam al-Qur’an ditemukan dua
kata untuk makna laki-laki yaitu <i>rajul</i> (bentuk singular) dan <i>al</i>-<i>rijāl</i>
(plural) atau <i>al</i>-<i>zakar</i> (singular) dan <i>al</i>-<i>zakar</i>
(plural).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">Menurut Ratna Bantara
Munti, p</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ada dasarnya konsep hubungan suami dan ist</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">e</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">ri yang ideal menurut </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">I</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;">slam adalah konsep
kemitrasejajaran atau hubungan yang setara. Sebagaimana yang disebutkan dalam
surat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>al-Baqarah/2: 187. Ideal moralnya
adalah bahwa pada prinsipnya posisi laki-laki maupun perempuan adalah setara.
Prinsip kesetaraan ini selaras dengan bunyi surat al-Nisā’: 124.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Begitu
juga Ratna Bantara Munti memberikan komentar yang sama, pada prinsipnya
laki-laki dan perempuan merupakan kemitraan, yang posis mereka adalah sama,
hanya di bidang seks saja yang membedakannya bukan dalam wilayah gender.</span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Semua keumuman <i>maslahat </i>merupakan kenyataan yang tidak
diragukan adanya. Tak seorangpun menyangkal bahwa memelihara agama, jiwa, akal,
nasab dan harta merupakan hal yang dituntut dalam akal sehat manusia. Menurut
al-Syātibī yang dimaksud dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-ma<u>s</u>lahat</i><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn44" name="_ftnref44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
dalam pengertian <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syari’ </i>mengambil
manfaat dan menolak<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> mafsadat </i>yang
tidak hanya berdasarkan kepadaakal sehat semata, tapi dalam rangka memelihara
hak hamba.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Jika kita melihat dari sisi </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ma<u>s</u>lahat</span></i><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">itu dibarengi dengan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sadd</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">al</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">-</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">źarī’at,</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> karena tujuan hukum tidak lain hanyalah
untuk kemanusian, dan selama tidak melanggar ketentuan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">syarā. </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Terkait dengan tawaran konsep
rekontruksi dalam bentuk </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">reintepretasi</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">
tentang hak dan kewajiban suami isteri yang ditawarkan oleh pra feminis Muslim,
tidaklah bertentangan dengan konsEp maslahat yang ditawarkan oleh al-Syātibī.
Menurut </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pendapat al-Syātibī, ada beberapa prinsip yang
harus dipenuhi dalam pengggunaan metode <i>ma<u>s</u>lahat</i>, yaitu; <i>Pertama,</i>
<i>ma<u>s</u>lahat </i>itu harus sesuai dengan maksud-maksud <i>syarā’, </i>sehingga
tidak akan terjadi pertentangan antara <i>ma<u>s</u>lahat </i>dengan
dalil-dalil hukum. Dari konsep pertama ini, konsep hak dan kewajiban suami
isteri yang digagas oleh para feminis muslim tidaklah bertentangan dengan hukum
<i>syarā, </i>dan ia bersifat umum, yaitu untuk kemaslahatan umum, karena
penafsiran yang ditawarkan dalam surat al-Nisā ayat 34 adalah hasil <i>reitepretasi</i>
(bentuk penafsiran ulang), karena sejatinya menolak hasil penafsiran bukan
berarti menolak ayat-ayat Tuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal ini juga seirama dengan konsep <i>sad źarī’at</i>, yang
digagas al-Syātibī, bahwa sejatinya tujuan hukum adalah <i>jalb al-ma<u>s</u>salih
wa dafu al-mafāsid </i>(yaitu mengambil maslahat dan menolak kemudharatan).
Agar tidak terbawa kearus liberal, radikal dan fundamental, mAka dalam kajian
ini dibutuhkannya teori <i>sad źarī’at, </i>karena teori gender pada awalnya
adalah teori Barat yang digagas untuk menuntut keadilan, kesamaan dan hak asasi
manusia yang tidak terlepas dari munculnya banyak aliran. Tujuan hukum Islam
tidak lain hanyalah untuk kemaslahatan, yaitu menjaga agama, menjaga jiwa,
menjaga akal, menjaga nasab dan menjaga harta. Kebutuhan manusia dalam kemaslahatan,
yang dilakukannya adalah demi kemaslahatan, setidaknya kekuatan akal manusia
untuk tercapainya kemaslahatan yang tidak keluar dari tujuan <i>syara’.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kedua, ma<u>s</u>lahat </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">itu memang masuk akal. Secara
kontekstual-praktis, peran perempuan tidak lagi di bidang domistik, namun
sebagian besar di bidang publik, maka sangat logis jika kemudian konsep nafkah
yang ditawarkan oleh para feminis muslin tidak lagi secara mutlak menjadi beban
suami,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tetapi lebih kepada mitra untuk
saling bekerjasama, saling melindungi dan saling menopang dalam urusan rumah
tangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketiga,</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> hasil penerapan <i>ma<u>s</u>lahat
</i>itu akan dapat menghilangkan kesempitan atau kepicikan yang memang tidak
diinginkan oleh <i>syarā’</i>.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftn45" name="_ftnref45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a>
Tentunya trobosan-trobosan ini haruslah ditangguhkan untuk dapat menghadapi
realita sehingga peran hukum yang harus progresif dan responsip terhadap
situasi dan kondisi tertentu. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Dengan kajian interdisipliner ini, setidaknya para
feminis Muslim tidak terlalu ambisius dalam memploklamirkan dan menuntut secara
fulgar terhadap hak-haknya secara setara. Karena justru dikhwatirkan terjerumus
pada aliran feminis liberal, yang menuntut kesetaraan secara terang-terangan.
Karena Islam tidak hanya berprinsip pada pemikiran, namun moral serta etika
menjadi bagian yang harus diprioritaskan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendapat
para feminis dalam menawarkan rekontruksi dalam bentuk <i>reintrepretasi</i>
dibatas kewajaran dan tidak bertentangan dengan tujuan <i>syari’ah</i>,
sebagaimana yang diungkapkan al-Syātibī, namun demikian, hal ini tidak dapat
digeneralkan, dan hanya bersifat kasuistik semata, sebagai serpon bahwa secara
tersurat bahwa konsep perundang-undangan tentang hak dan kewajiban suami isteri<i>
</i>yang terkesan kaku dan baku, namun ada kalanya di konteks tertentu bersifat
lentur.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Dalam konteks kajian ini, bentuk rekontruksi konsep
hak dan kewajiban suami isteri dalam perundang-undangan Indonesia dan keadilan
gender lebih </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">maslahat</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,
lebih adil dan lebih bermartabat, namun demikian, tentunya mengantisipasi hal
sekecil apapun yang akan terjadi atau timbul dikemudian hari, sehingga tidak
justru terjebak kepada hal-hal yang </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">źarī’ah.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENUTUP</span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pernikahan
merupakan ikalatan yang legal (<i>mitsaqan ghalidhan</i>) untuk mewujudkan
keluarga yang sakinah, mawaddah wa rahmah. Konsep <i>maslahat </i>merupakan
salah satu teori yang eksis dalam menyikapi perkara-perkara kontemporer, yang
dalam hal ini adalah hak dan kewajiban suami istri. Paradigm yang mengatakan
bahwa suami adalah kepala rumah tangga dan istri adalah ibu rumah tangga cukup
mengusik para feminis muslim untuk mereintepretasikan dan merekonstruksi dengan
mempertimbangkan misi keadilan, kesetaraan, demokrasi dan mu’asyarah bi
al-ma’ruf, karena realitanya saat ini seorang istri tidak hanya membantu dalam
urusan rumah tangga, namun lebih daripada itu juga membantu dalam urusan
nafkah, maka makna kepala rumah tangga juga harus menanamkan nilai-nilai
kebersamaan, saling melindungi, saling menopang dan saling bekerjasama untuk
menjadi mitra yang baik sehingga paradigm ini harus diluruskan demi
kemaslahatan.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ahamad Qodri Azizy, <i>Pemikiran Islam Kontemporer di
Indonesia, </i>Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alawy Rachman, <i>Gelas Kaca Dan Kayu Bakar, Pengalaman
Perempuan Dalam Pelaksanaan Hak-Hak Keluarga Berencana, </i>Yokyakarta: Pustaka
Pelajar, 1998 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syafiq Hasyim, <i>Hal-Hal yang Tak Terpikitkan tentang
Isu-Isu Perempuan dalam Islam, </i>Bandung: Penerbit Mizan, 2001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nasaruddin Umar, dkk, <i>Bias Jender dalam Pemahaman Islam</i>,
Yogyakarta: Gama Media, 2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mufidah, <i>Isu-Isu Gender Kontemporer dalam Hukum Keluarga,
</i>Malang: UIN- Maulana Malik Ibrahim, 2010<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masdar F. Mas’udi, <em><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Islam
dan Hak-Hak Reproduksi Perempuan: Dialog Fiqih Pemberdayaan,</span></em>
Bandung: Mizan, 1997<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yusdani. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Peranan
Kepentingan Umum DalamReakltualisasi Hukum; Kajian Konsep Hukum Islam
Najamuddin al-Thufi</i>, Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Raden Intan Lampung Jl. Endro Suratmin Sukarame Bandar Lampung. Email: gusher.sulthani@radenintan.ac.id</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
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Asmawi, \\uc0\\u8220{}Konseptualisasi Teori Maslahah,\\uc0\\u8221{}
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lang=IN style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-ansi-language:
IN'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Lihat juga </span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=IN style='font-size:
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lang=IN style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-ansi-language:
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<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amir Syarifuddin, 182.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=IN style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:IN'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";color:windowtext'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION
{"citationID":"FTc2m6gB","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf
Amir Mu\\uc0\\u8217{}allim dan Yusdani, {\\i{}Konfigurasi Pemikiran Hukum
Islam} (Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2001), 68.}","plainCitation":"Amir
Mu’allim dan Yusdani, Konfigurasi Pemikiran Hukum Islam (Yogyakarta: UII Press,
2001),
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Mu’allim"},{"literal":"Yusdani"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2001"]]}},"locator":"68"}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Amir
Mu’allim dan Yusdani, <i>Konfigurasi Pemikiran Hukum Islam</i> (Yogyakarta: UII
Press, 2001), 68.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";color:windowtext'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> Lihat juga</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:windowtext'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION
{"citationID":"8KrqKq9X","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf
Hamzah K, \\uc0\\u8220{}Revitalisasi Teori Maslahat Mulgh\\uc0\\u226{}h
Al-T\\uc0\\u251{}hf\\uc0\\u238{} Dan Relevansinya dalam Pembentukan
Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia,\\uc0\\u8221{} {\\i{}Jurnal AL-AHKAM} vol 15,
no. 4 (Januari 2015): 27.}","plainCitation":"Hamzah K,
“Revitalisasi Teori Maslahat Mulghâh Al-Tûhfî Dan Relevansinya dalam
Pembentukan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia,” Jurnal AL-AHKAM vol 15, no. 4
(Januari 2015): 27."},"citationItems":[{"id":1315,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/4600698/items/U2QAXACZ"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/4600698/items/U2QAXACZ"],"itemData":{"id":1315,"type":"article-journal","title":"Revitalisasi
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AL-AHKAM","page":"27","volume":"vol
15","issue":"4","author":[{"literal":"Hamzah
K"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}
<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Hamzah
K, “Revitalisasi Teori Maslahat Mulghâh Al-Tûhfî Dan Relevansinya dalam
Pembentukan Perundang-Undangan di Indonesia,” <i>Jurnal AL-AHKAM</i> vol 15,
no. 4 (Januari 2015): 27.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:windowtext'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Adobe Garamond Pro Bold";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> ADDIN
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{"citationID":"y8Xm45cP","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf
Amir Mu\\uc0\\u8217{}allim dan Yusdani, {\\i{}Konfigurasi Pemikiran Hukum
Islam}, 68\\uc0\\u8211{}69.}","plainCitation":"Amir
Mu’allim dan Yusdani, Konfigurasi Pemikiran Hukum Islam,
68–69."},"citationItems":[{"id":553,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/4600698/items/7EWFZAWH"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/4600698/items/7EWFZAWH"],"itemData":{"id":553,"type":"book","title":"Konfigurasi
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<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Amir Mu’allim dan Yusdani, <i>Konfigurasi Pemikiran Hukum
Islam</i>, 68–69.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=IN style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
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Mustafa Ahmad al-Zarqa\\uc0\\u8217{}, {\\i{}Hukum Islam dan Perubahan Sosial;
Setudi Komperatif Delapan Madzhab}, trans. oleh Ade Dede Rahayu (Jakarta: Riora
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al-Zarqa’, Hukum Islam dan Perubahan Sosial; Setudi Komperatif Delapan Madzhab,
trans. oleh Ade Dede Rahayu (Jakarta: Riora Cipta, 2000),
42."},"citationItems":[{"id":554,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/4600698/items/JWRJ2Z92"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/4600698/items/JWRJ2Z92"],"itemData":{"id":554,"type":"book","title":"Hukum
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<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mustafa Ahmad al-Zarqa’, <i>Hukum Islam dan Perubahan
Sosial; Setudi Komperatif Delapan Madzhab</i>, trans. oleh Ade Dede Rahayu
(Jakarta: Riora Cipta, 2000), 42.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=IN
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:IN'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=IN style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:IN'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>
ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION
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Nu\\uc0\\u8217{}man al-Jughaini, {\\i{}Tur\\uc0\\u363{}q al-Kasyf\\uc0\\u299{}
\\uc0\\u8216{}an Maq\\uc0\\u257{}shid al-Syar\\uc0\\u299{}\\uc0\\u8217{}ah}
(Yordania: D\\uc0\\u257{}r al-Nafa\\uc0\\u8217{}is, 2000),
8.}","plainCitation":"Nu’man al-Jughaini, Turūq al-Kasyfī
‘an Maqāshid al-Syarī’ah (Yordania: Dār al-Nafa’is, 2000),
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<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nu’man al-Jughaini, <i>Turūq al-Kasyfī
‘an Maqāshid al-Syarī’ah</i> (Yordania: Dār al-Nafa’is, 2000), 8.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=IN style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
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</div>
</div>
<div id="ftn13" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
lang=IN style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Book Antiqua Bold";mso-ansi-language:IN;mso-fareast-language:ZH-TW'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION
{"citationID":"UBA5mhl1","properties":{"formattedCitation":"{\\rtf
Muksana Pasaribu, \\uc0\\u8220{}Maslahat dan Perkembangannya Sebagai Dasar
Penetapan Hukum Islam,\\uc0\\u8221{} {\\i{}Jurnal Justitia} vol 1, no. 4
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<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Muksana Pasaribu, “Maslahat dan Perkembangannya Sebagai
Dasar Penetapan Hukum Islam,” <i>Jurnal Justitia</i> vol 1, no. 4 (Desember
2014): 352.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span lang=IN style='font-size:9.0pt;
font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua Bold";
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</div>
<div id="ftn14" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";color:windowtext'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION
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Muhammad Ali Rusdi, \\uc0\\u8220{}Maslahat Sebagai Metode Ijtihad dan Tujuan
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<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Muhammad
Ali Rusdi, “Maslahat Sebagai Metode Ijtihad dan Tujuan Utama Hukum Islam,” <i>Jurnal
Syari’ah dan Hukum Diktum</i> vol 15, no. 2 (Desember 2017): 168.</span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";color:windowtext'><span
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<div id="ftn15" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 1.0pt 0cm; padding: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref15" name="_ftn15" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><!--[if supportFields]><span
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Moh. Mukri, {\\i{}Paradigma Maslahat dalam Pemikiran al-Ghazali},
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<span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Moh. Mukri, <i>Paradigma Maslahat dalam Pemikiran al-Ghazali</i>,
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style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> ADDIN
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style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
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style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
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<div id="ftn29" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref29" name="_ftn29" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A. Qodri Azizy, <i>Pemikiran Islam Kontemporer di
Indonesia, </i>(Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2005), h. 1070-109<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn30" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref30" name="_ftn30" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Husein Muhammad, <i>Fiqh Perempuan, Op.Cit.,</i> h. 7-8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn31" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref31" name="_ftn31" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alawy Rachman, <i>Gelas Kaca Dan Kayu Bakar, Pengalaman
Perempuan Dalam Pelaksanaan Hak-Hak Keluarga Berencana, </i>(Yokyakarta:
Pustaka Pelajar, 1998), h. 7 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn32" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref32" name="_ftn32" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[32]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mansour Fakih, <i>Analisis Gender, Op.Cit., </i>h. 17</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn33" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref33" name="_ftn33" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[33]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Ibid., </i>h. 157<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn34" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref34" name="_ftn34" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[34]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syafiq Hasyim,</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal-Hal
yang Tak Terpikitkan tentang Isu-Isu Perempuan dalam Islam, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(Bandung: Penerbit Mizan, 2001), h. 263<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn35" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref35" name="_ftn35" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[35]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Husein Muhammad, <i>Fikih Perempuan, Op.Cit., </i>h. 23-32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn36" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref36" name="_ftn36" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[36]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nasaruddin Umar, dkk, <i>Bias Jender dalam Pemahaman Islam</i>,
(Yogyakarta: Gama Media, 2002), h. 86.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn37" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref37" name="_ftn37" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[37]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Nasharuddin Umar, <i>Argumen Kesetaraan Gender, Op.Cit., </i>h.
21-22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn38" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref38" name="_ftn38" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[38]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Mufidah, <i>Isu-Isu Gender Kontemporer dalam Hukum
Keluarga, </i>(Malang: UIN- Maulana Malik Ibrahim, 2010), h. 22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn39" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref39" name="_ftn39" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[39]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid.,</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> 143<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn40" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref40" name="_ftn40" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[40]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid., </span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">h.15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn41" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref41" name="_ftn41" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[41]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Husein Muhammad, <i>Fikih Perempuan, Op.Cit.,</i>h. 183<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn42" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref42" name="_ftn42" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[42]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibid.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, h.<i> </i>xiii</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn43" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref43" name="_ftn43" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[43]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Masdar F. Mas’udi, <em><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Islam
dan Hak-Hak Reproduksi Perempuan: Dialog Fiqih Pemberdayaan,</span></em>
(Bandung : Mizan, 1997), h. 115<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn44" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 1.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref44" name="_ftn44" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[44]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yusdani. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Peranan
Kepentingan Umum DalamReakltualisasi Hukum; Kajian Konsep Hukum Islam
Najamuddin al-Thufi</i>, (Yogyakarta: UII Press, 2000), h. 50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn45" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/NASKAH%20JURNAL%20Scopus%20(Metro).doc#_ftnref45" name="_ftn45" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">[45]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <i>Ibid., </i>h.136<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-38448534424552271442019-11-13T13:58:00.005-08:002019-11-13T14:16:10.508-08:00Makalah Desakralisasi Hukum Islam<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
sebagai salah satu kajian ilmu sosial, mempunyai karakter yang sangat dinamis
seiring dengan perkembangan masyarakatnya. Selain dibentuk oleh masyarakat,
hukum juga membentuk masyarakat. Secara sosiologis hukum merupakan refleksi
tata nilai yang diyakini sebagai suatu pranata dalam bermasyarakat, berbangsa
dan bernegara. Ini berarti muatan hukum selayaknya mampu menangkap aspirasi
masyarakat yang tumbuh dan berkembang, bukan hanya yang bersifat kekinian
melainkan juga sebagai acuan dalam mengantisipasi perkembangan sosial, ekonomi
dan politik di masa depan.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemikiran
di atas menunjukkan bahwa hukum bukan sekedar norma statis yang mengutamakan
kepastian dan ketertiban, melainkan juga norma-norma yang harus mampu mendinamisasikan
pemikiran dan merekayasa perilaku masyarakat dalam mencapai cita-citanya. Jadi
hukum merupakan sarana untuk ketertiban dan kesejahteraan, atau hukum harus
mencerminkan apa yang dianggap baik serta harus mengindikasikan suatu
perencanaan, rekayasa atau perakitan masyarakat yang dicita-citakan, atau dalam
istilah Rescoe Pound “law as tool of social engineering</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah
satu faktor yang memungkinkan terjadinya pembaruan hukum Islam adalah pengaruh
kemajuan dan pluralisem sosial budaya dan politik dalam sebuah masyarakat dan
negara. Jika kita lihat keadaan yang ada di masa yang sangat awal, maka
jelaslah peran dan pengaruh elemen-elemen sosial budaya terhadap ulama untuk
menentukan atau menemukan hukum Islam. Dengan demikian, kondisi masyarakat yang
ada akan berpengaruh terhadap pemikiran ataupun desakralisasi hukum Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rumusahan Masalah</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Apakah Yang Dimaksud Dengan Desakralisasi Hukum Islam?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagaimana Kategorisasi Hukum Islam Berdasarkan Posisi
Ajaran?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Penulisan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mendefinisikan
Pengertian Desakralisasi Hukum Islam</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjelaskan
Kategorisasi Hukum Islam Berdasarkan Posisi Ajaran</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Desakralisasi Hukum Islam <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika pemahaman beragama telah
dipatok mati hanya bertumpu pada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penafsiran –penafsiran para ahli agama di masa lalu tanpa sedikitpun
melakukan penafsiran fenomena masa kini terhadap teks kitab suci ,maka yang
akan terjadi adalah kebekuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau bahkan
kematian agama .agama yang beku atau mati adalah agama yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>telah kehilangan fungsinya sebagai pemeluk
arah bagi petunjuknya hal demikian pernah di alami oleh agama khatolik yang
telah beku bahkan mati<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini lah yang
kemudian melahirkan gelombang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sekularisme di eropa .sebuah penolakan gelombang yang sangat besar
terhadap campur tangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>agama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sudah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mati terhadap hidup<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>manusia yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>senantiasa actual dengan segala<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>permasalahan barunya yang senantiasa meminta jawaban yang tanggap dan
cepat.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apa yang terjadi dengan umat islam saat ini
persis seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang tergambar pada kisah
di atas ,dimana umat islam terpaku pada penafsiran –penafsiran sma tentang
syariah.jika ada permasalahan yang belum terjawab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maka yang di lakukan adalah cepat –cepat
membuka kitab –kitab karya para ulama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>klasik yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>notabene dibuat
untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjawab permasalahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masa mereka dan belum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tentu mampu menjawab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>permasalahan di masa kini .akibatnya yang
7terjadi adalah kemandengan pada umat islam di Indonesia.umat islam seolah
berhenti bergerak karna semangat taklid<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang membuat uamat menjadi jumud.dan megakibatkan agama islam seolah
beku,tidak aktual lagi ,dan tidak mampu mengikuti perkembangan zaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
menghindari kemujudan dan kebekuan itulah para lokomotif para pembaru islam di
Indonesia mulai mengerakan sebuah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>gerakan modernisasi dengan tujuan untuk melepaskan umat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari taklit dan jumud kepada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karya karya atau penafsiran –penafsiran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ulama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>masa lalu terhadap sumber ajaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>agama islam .para pembaru ini berjuang menyadarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>umat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>agar tidak mempersamakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>penafsiran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ulama masa lalu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang nisbi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>itu dengan al quran yang mutlak dan yang tidak bisa di berubah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu adalah al quraan ,sedangkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penafsiran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>atau karya para ulama<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masa lalu
adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>karya manusia yang tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mutlak yang bisa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ketinggalan zaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan butuh di perbaharuhi oleh setiap
umat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada setiap zaman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sesuai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dengan permasalahan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang di
hadapi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Salah satu dari gerakan
modernisasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang di motori oleh para
pembaru kita ini adalah desakrisasi hukum islam . desakrisasi di lihat dari
segi bahasa , berasal dari kata inggris sacral , yang berarti suci ,karamat,dan
angker ,kata ini sepandan dengan istilah "demitologi sasi", artinya
proses pembuangan nilai nilai mitologis .bila demikian kata
"desakralisasi"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang di maksud
adalah suatu proses pembebasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masyrakat
dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam masalah "desakralisasi
"ini,nurcholis madjid<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih
mengikuti pendapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Robert N.billah ,yang
secara sosiologis menyamakan antara "desakralisasi"dengan
"sekularisasi"..dimana ,desakralisai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>adalah suatu bentuk proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sosiologis yang banyak mengisyaratkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kepada pengertian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembebasan masyarakat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari belenggu takhayul, dalam arti tidak
sepenuhnya mengarah pada penghapusan orientasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>keagamaan ,seperti norma- norma, dan nilai nilai sosiologis lainnya
.proses pembebasan dari ketahayulan tersebut bisa terjadi karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dorongan atau , kelanjutan logis dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suatu bentuk orientasi keagamaan,khususnya
monoteisme,dimana hanya tuhan lah yang harus menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pusat rasa kesucian .dari pendapat bellah
ini,nurcholis memaknai "desakralisasi" adalah suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pencopotan ketabuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan kesakralan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari objek objek yang semestinya tidak tabu
dan tidak sakral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tauhid<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>itu sendiri ,menurut nurcholish, adalah selalu menghendaki<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengarahan setiap kegiatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hidup untuk tuhan.namun, bagi sementara orang,
justru<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan bentuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sakralisasi kegiatan manusia.seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adanya pensucian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau penyembahan terhadap berbagi objek
selain kepada tuhan, yang dalam pandangan islam termasuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>manifestasi dari
bentuk"politeisme"(syirik).kemudia nurcholis menutup pernyataan
dengan kata kata ,bagaimanapun juga pandangan saya tentang sosiologi
sekularisasi yang bisa disebut desakralisasi, memang harus di akui masih
terdapatnya perbedaan pandangan,bahkan sempat menyulut kontroersi di sekitar
istilah tersebut. Hal itu dapat di lihat dari penolakan pak rasyidi atas penggunaan
istilah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sekularisasi dan yang
semacamnya.sebab,bagaimanapun juga yang namanya sekularisasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tetep tak mungkin telepas dari induk
semangnya,yaitu"sekularisme",itu sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagaimana di katakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>seorang ahli hukum di masa islam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>klasik yaitu abul hasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Muhammad
ibn yusuf al amin (381 H) sebagaimana di kutip oelh hasbi ash-shiddieqy
(1975:45;46)sebagai berikut:</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>"sesungguhnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nash nash agama , walaupun banyak namun dia
terbatas , dalam arti tidak dapat di tambah lagi . ada pun kejadian kejadian
yang di hadapi manusia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak akan berkesudahan.untuk
menghadapi kejadian kejadian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu dan
menetapkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hukumannya kita membutuhkan
ijtihad.artinya, kembali kepada ra'yu dan qiyas. Mengingat hal ini maka
ijtihad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merupakan sesuatu yang tidak
dapat dihindari mengigat kebutuhan dan perkembangan.meskipun ijtihad itu di
larang dengan cara apapun,pada akhirnya mau tidak mau kita harus kembali
kepadanya." <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B. Kategorisasi Hukum Islam
Berdasarkan Posisi Ajaran <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk melakukan desakralisasi terhadap
hukum islam dibutuhkan pengategorian hukum Islam, yakni apakah suatu hukum itu
tergategorikan sebagai ajaran dasar atau bukan ajaran dasar karena tidak semua
ajaran hukum dapat disakralisasikan. Dari keseluruhan umat Islam di dumia
ternyata sangan sedikit sekali memahami ajaran islam, bahwa ajaran islam yang
kita anut memiliki dua sisi proses disakralisasikan hukum islam sangat erat berkaitan
dengan dari ajaran Islam yaitu ajaran dasar yang absolute dan ajaran dasar yang
tidak absolu hal inilah yang diperjuangkan oleh para tokoh pembaru Islam
seperti tokoh pemimpin pembaharuuan pertama dimesir Rif’ah Badwi Al-khawantawi
(1801-1873) dilanjutkan oleh Jamaludin Al-Afghani (1839-1897) dan Muhammad
Abduh (1849-1905). Di India. Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898). Di Indonesia
kita mengenal tokoh-tokohpembaru seperti Harun Nasutiaon, Nurcholis Madjid,
Ahmad Syafi’I Ma’arif, Amien Rais, dan beberapa tokoh lainnya. Mereka berjuang
keras<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menyadarkan umat Islam, bahwa
ajaran Islam memiliki dua sisi yang berbeda (Nasution, 1995: 168).</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum
Dalam Posisi sebagaui Ajaran Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum sebagai ajaran dasar yang bersifat absolute
atau mutlak atau universal serta abadi tidak dapat diubah karna ia berasal dari
Allah tuhan sang maha pencipta, dan rosulnya.Sisi ajaran dasar jelas bersifat
mutlak universal, dan tidak dapat diubah karna ia berasal dari Allah dan
rasulnya, ajaran dasar ini berfungsi sebagai sumber ajaran, ajaran tercantum
tersurat dalam nash.Ajaran islam dalam sisi yang inilah yang wajib ditaati
secara mutlak dan tidak boleh diubah hanya dari segi implementasinya, ajaran
ajaran ini juga berhadapan dengan ketersediaan wadah yang memungkinkan ajaran ajaran
dasar tersebut bias dilaksanakan, seperti kondisi subyek hukumnya, seting
sosialisasinya, posisi hukuman potong tangan bagi pencuri tidak serta-merta
langsung bisa diterapkan, perlu dipertimbangkan apakah kondisi ekonomoi
masyarakat sudah layak tidak lagi mencuri, juga ukuran barang yang dicuri
apakah ia telah sampai pada kadar yang membolehkan pelaksanaan hukuman potong
tangan dan beraga kendala lainnya. Oleh karna itu, terhadap ajaran dasar
Al-quran dan As-sunnah kita harus terus melakukan penggalian, tidak hanya pada
aspek <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tsubut </i>atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wurudl</i> ayat atau Hadisnya atau
dalalahnya saja, tetapi aspek <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tanfizhiyahyah
</i>juga harus dipertimbangkan, namun semuanya bukan berarti kita tidak
mengakui kebenaran ajaran yang sesuai dengan bunyi ayat atau hadits yang
dimaksud. Dengan penelaahan sedemikian, hukum-hukum yang dikandungnya bisa
memenuhi kebutuhan umat maupun negara kita, soluisi terhadap masalah-masalah
baru yang terus bermunculan dengan cepat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukuman
Dalam Posisi Bukan Sebagai Ajaran Dasar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hukum islam yang berada pada posisi yang bukan
ajaran dasar, maka ia bersifat tidak absolute atau tidak mutlak, tidak
universal dan tidak abadi serta dapat berubah karena ia berasal dari manusia
sebagai hasil penafsiran dari ajaran dasar ( Nasution, 1995: 169). Hukum dalam
sisi ini tidak abadi atau dapat ketinggalan zaman karena ia adalah hasil
penafsiran manusia terhadap Al-quran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
As-sunnah sesuai kebutuhan untuk menjawab permasalahan pada zamannya. Produk
dari hasil penafsiran ini antara lain berupa hukum atau fikih, tafsir Al-quran,
tafsir hadits, tasawuf, filsafat, dan sebagainya yang merupakan hasil dari
usaha memahami pesan Allah dalam kitabnya dan pean Rasulullah dalam haditsnya.
Produk ini sepenuhnya sepenuhnya hasil usaha manusia yang bisa dipastikan akan
ketinggalan zaman bila zaman berubah, karena itu ia harus segera diganti
apabila sudah tidak mampu lagi menjawab tantgangan zaman. Kita semua yakin,
bahwa teks Al-Qur’an tidak bisa berbicara sendiri, ia juga bukanlah realitas
hidup yang dapat bergerak menerangkan maksud-maksudnya sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Qur’an adalah petunjuk dari kitalah yang butuh
untuk untuk membacanya. Karena itu, membaca Al-QUR’an dalam rangka untuk
memahami maksud-maksudnya yang kemudian dirumuskan menjadi pedoman hidup adalah
proses tiada henti yang harus dilakukan oleh setiap generasi pada setiap zaman
yang membutuhkannya, dengan demikian Al-qur’an akan senantiasa actual dan
senantiasa berfungsi serta hidup dalam segala aktivitas umat (Asmawi, 2004:
23-24). Hal inilah yang seharusmnya dilakukan oleh umat Islam pada setiap
generasi dan pada setiap zaman. Hanya dengan cara seperti ini sajalah Islam
akan menjadi actual, hidup, dinamis, dan mampu memandu umat dalam menjawab
setiap persoalan baru yang datang silih berganti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tegasnya, ajaran bukan dasar adalah produk pemikiran
manusia yaitu hasil penafsiran para ulama ahli hukum di masalalu terhadap
sumber ajaran islam, yaitu Al-qur’an dan As-Sunnah. Produk tersebut anatara
lain berupa kodifikasi hukum Islamatau fikih yang dibuat dalam rangkan memenuhi
kebutuhan umat dimasa itu dalam menjawab berbagai permasalahan dan tantangan
dizaman itu. Produk-produk hukum itu, karena ia dibuat dimasalalu untuka
masyarakat masalalu dan untuk menjawab persoalan di masa lalu, maka sudah dapat
dipastikan produk-produk hukum tersebut akan sampai pada masa kedaluarsanya dan
kitya harus menyadari itu. Namun celakanya produk-produk manusia itu
diidentikan dengan ajaran Tuhan, hal inilah yang menjadi pokok masalah di dunia
Islam sekarang ini yang menyebabkan Islam menajdi membeku, tidak actual, dan
tidak menghadapi gempuran zaman (madzar, 1994: 371).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sikap kita terhadap ajaran bukan dasar yaitu
karya-karya dari ulama masalalu terutama hukum Islam atau fikih kalsik,
terhadapnya kita wajib tetap bersikafhormat kepada para ulama tersebut,menjaga
karya-karyanya sebagai kewarisan kekayaan intelektual yang tk ternilai dan
menjadikan sang ulama serta karyanya sebagai refensi atau bahan rujukan dalam
melakukan upaya penafsiran terus-menerus terhadap Al-qur’an dan As-Sunnah,
dengan deikian ummat akan lepas dari belenggu kejumudan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan Al-qur’an dan As-Sunnah akan kembali
berfungsi menjadi petu njuk untuk mencapai kemajuan dan kebebasan peradaban
Islam (Sardar, 2005: 95).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan kejel;asan dan kepastian batasan mana sumber
ajaran dan yang mana hasil penafsiran terhadap sumber ajaran yang merupakan
karya manusia, maka kita akan dapat memosisikan dengan benar dan bersikaf benar
pula yaitu, bahwa Al-Qur’an damn As-Sunnah adalah sumber ajaran yang mutlak,
universal, dan baku karena ia berasal dari Allah dan Rassulnya. Adapun
penafsiran manusia terhadap Al-Qur’an dan As-Sunnah adalah murni karya manusia
yang sifatnya tidak mutlak, tidak universal, tidak baku, dan pasti akan
ketinggalan zaman. Karena itulah kita tidak boleh membakukan nya, tidak
menganggapnya sacral dan suci. Sebaliknya, kita wajib selalu untuk mengoreksi
dan memperbaharuinya sebagai kebutuhan kita dalam menjawab tantangan zaman
(Hassan, 197: 103). Hal inilah yangb harus disadari oleh umat Islam yang selama
ini terjebak dalam kebekuan yang mensakralkan hasil interpretasi hukum para
ulama masalalu menganggapnya sesuatu yang suci, bahkan mutlak sama suci dan
mutlaknya dengan wahyu ilahi sehingga tidak boleh diubah. Dengan demikianjelas
tergambar bagaimana seharusnya umat bersikaf terhadap ajaran dasar dan ajaran
bukan dasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam babakan sejarah dunia, era Modern dimulai
sejak zaman kelahiran kembali (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">renaissance</i>)
yang terjadi di prancis sekitar tahun 1500-an. Ciri penting dari zaman ini
antara lainmunculnya rasionalisme, kapitalisme, dan imperialism. Dalam zaman
ini pula lahir materialism dan hedonism, dan imperialissme, sebuah paham yang
menyebutkan, bahwa materi beserta kesenangan sesaatnya merupakan sumber
kebahagiaan dan oleh karena itu ia mesti diperoleh walaupun dalam proses
pencapaiannya seringkali harus melalui eksploitasi. Paham materialism dan
hedonism ini sendiri tidak lebih dari sebuah konsekuensi atas cirri-ciri yang
yang pertama.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/isi%20makalah%20%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika dunia Timur (Dunia Islam) tengan menjalin
kontak dengan Barat (Eropa) pada sekitar bad ke XVIII M, maka amat terkejut
melihat kemajuan Erofa yang amat pesat. Dunia Timjur tidak mengira, bahwa Eropa
yang Pernah belajar dari Timur telah begitu Maju. Hal itu membuat para pemikir
Islam merenungkan apa yang perlu dilakukan untuk mencapai kemjuan kembali
sebagaimana pondasi ndasar yang pernah diletakan oleh para pemikir Muslim pada
Zaman klasiknsekitar tahun 650-1250 M. Sebagai puncak kemajuan Ilmu pengetahuan
Islam.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/isi%20makalah%20%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melihat perubahan social yang berlangsung secara
drastis, akibat pengaruh kebudayaan Barat yang meluias keseluruh dunia, yang
mana dalam menghadapi dampak perubahan system berfikir maupun struktur social
sangat menuntut penyelesaian-penyelesaian yang bersifat dialektis, bukan lagi
secara normative. Problematika yang tak kalah penting adalah, adanya fenomena
baru, dimana para pemikir Muslim tersebut lebih cenderung berkiblat pada dunia
Barat, sehingga tak mengherankan apabila penyebaran serba-ismi barat, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti ide tentang sosialismeateis,
sekularisme, modernism, liberalisme kapitalis, dan sebagaimana banyak mewarnai
dalam dunia Islam. Salam iklim pembaruan semacam ini, perlu ditelusuri ide-ide
pembaruannya, terutama dalam hal modernisasi, sekularisasi, dan desak ralisasi.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah satu dari gerakan modernisasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang di motori oleh para pembaru kita ini adalah desakrisasi hukum islam
. desakrisasi di lihat dari segi bahasa , berasal dari kata inggris sacral ,
yang berarti suci ,karamat,dan angker ,kata ini sepandan dengan istilah
"demitologi sasi", artinya proses pembuangan nilai nilai mitologis
.bila demikian kata "desakralisasi"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang di maksud adalah suatu proses pembebasan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>masyrakat dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dalam masalah "desakralisasi
"ini,nurcholis madjid<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih
mengikuti pendapat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Robert N.billah ,yang
secara sosiologis menyamakan antara "desakralisasi"dengan
"sekularisasi"..dimana ,desakralisai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>adalah suatu bentuk proses<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sosiologis yang banyak mengisyaratkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kepada pengertian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembebasan
masyarakat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari belenggu takhayul, dalam
arti tidak sepenuhnya mengarah pada penghapusan orientasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keagamaan ,seperti norma- norma, dan nilai
nilai sosiologis lainnya .proses pembebasan dari ketahayulan tersebut bisa
terjadi karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dorongan atau ,
kelanjutan logis dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suatu bentuk
orientasi keagamaan,khususnya monoteisme,dimana hanya tuhan lah yang harus
menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pusat rasa kesucian .dari
pendapat bellah ini,nurcholis memaknai "desakralisasi" adalah
suatu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pencopotan ketabuan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan kesakralan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari objek objek yang semestinya tidak tabu
dan tidak sakral.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daftar Pustaka <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Izomiddin.
2018.Pemikiran dan Filsafat Hukum Islam. Jakarta : Prenadamedia Group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: footnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/isi%20makalah%20%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Izomiddin, Pemikiran dan Filsafat Hukum Islam,(Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group,
2018), h. 329.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/isi%20makalah%20%20filsafat%20hukum%20islam.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Ibid, h, 335.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-87340963780311622942019-11-13T13:55:00.003-08:002019-11-13T13:55:34.039-08:00Makalah Hakikat Hukum Pidana Islam<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PEMBAHASAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">LATAR BELAKANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masyarakat Indonesia mayoritas beragama Islam, pada
dasarnya memperjuangkan syariat Islam merupakan suatu keharusan baginya
Salah satunya memberlakukan hukum pidana Islam di Indonesia. Namun, kejam dan
tidak manusiawi. begitulah kesan sebagian masyarakat terhadap hukum pidana
Islam (Fiqh Jinayah). Tiap mendengar pidana Islam, yang terbayang biasanya
hukuman potong tangan, rajam dan qishash yang dapat dikaegorikan sebagai
`vonis`. Padahal, studi yang obyektif dan mendalam terhadap hukum ini kana
menunjukan bahwa kesan sperti ini muncul, karena hukum pidana Islam dilihat
secara tidak utuh atau parsial. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seharusnya, hukum pidana Islam dibaca dalam konteks
yang menyeluruh dengan bagian lain dari syariat Islam. Hukum potong tangan
contohnya, sering dituding telalu lampau kejam dan tidak adil. padahal, hukuman
ini baru dijatuhkan ketika sejumlah syarat yang ketat telah dipenuhi. Selain
itu, situasi dan kondisi pada lingkungan masyarakat itu menjadi pertimbangan
diberlakukanya hukum pidana Islam. Sebagai contoh, di masa kahlifah Umar bin
Khotob, hukuman potoang tangan tidak pernah diberlakukan karna terjadinya
krisis kebutuhan pokok dimasyarakat. Kalau hukuman itu diberlakukan, maka ini
tidak sesuai dengan <i>maqosid asy-syariat atau </i>tujuan hukumnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saat ini, di negeri kita marak terjadi akasi kejahatan
yang amat meresahkan dan menakutkan masyarakat. seperti pembegalan
dijalan-jalan, pencurian, pencopetan, bahkan pada bulan Juli 2001, di sekitar
Bekasi terjadi pembunuhan yang didahului pemerkosaan terhadap ibu dua orang
anak dua. Mayat korban lalu dibakar dan dikubur di tempat kejadian. Sementara
itu, kejahatan seksualpun merebak dengan pesat. pornografi makin tak
terkendali, pelecehan seksual terjadi dimana-mana. penyalahgunaan narkotika dan
obat-obatan terlarang semakin bertambah, dan tindak pidana korupsi yang kian
tak terbendung. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">RUMUSAN MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Apa persoalan
administrasi hukum?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Bagaimana
indentifikasi, definisi, dan rung lingkup hudud?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Apa rasionalisasi
keagamaan hudud dalam standar hukum internasionl?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Apa persoalan
diskriminasi didepan hukum?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo3; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">TUJUAN PENULISAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui
persoalan administrasi hukum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui
indentifikasi, definisi, dan ruang lingkup hudud.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui
rasionalisasi keagamaan hudud dalam standar hukum internasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: left; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Untuk mengetahui
persoalan diskriminasi didepan hukum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="text-indent: 0cm;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
ll</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hakikat Hukum Pidana Islam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Na’im
berpendapat terdapat sejumlah problem hukum materil, pembuktian, dan prosedur
dalam penerapan hukum pidana islam. Negara harus berusaha mempertahankan hukum
ketertiban dan keamanan dengan wewenang dan kekuasaan untuk menjatuhkan hukum
pidana yang mempengaruhi kehidupan, kebebasan dan pemilikan individu. Dalam
konteks sejarah formulasi hukum pidana islam, patut dipertimbangkan oleh
penguasa atau hakim untuk menggunakan wewenang kebijakan demi pengembangan dan
pembaharuan. Para ahli hukum awal (fukaha) telah memberikan beberapa garis
besar tuntutan berkenaan dengan wewenang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’zil.
</i>Namun masalahnya, menurut al Na’im Gris turunan ini masih sangat
samar-samar dan pada dasarnya tidak valid karena sifatnya tidak memadai bagi
upaya strukturisasi dan mengontrol kekuasaan dalam konteks negara-negara modern
yang pluralistik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selanjutnya, dalam pandangan
al-Na’im, hukum pidana sangat berpotensi menimbulkan kejahatan kemanusiaan dan
pelanggaran HAM, khususnya untuk <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jarimah
hudud</i>. Namun, karena tidak ada ayat yang dapat dijadikan landasan untuk
menentang ayat-ayat yang sangat eksplisit dan tegas dalam menetapkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">uhdud</i>, maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tidak ada cara yang sah untuk menghapus da
membatalkan hukum tersebut kecuali hanya membatasi aplikasinya dalam praktik.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Menurut al-Na’im, dalam hukum pidana ini perlu mempertimbangkan ilmu
pengetahuan ilmu pengetahuan kontemporer seperti: piskologi, penologi,
sosiologi dan disiplin ilmu lain yang relevan. Memperhatikan kritikan-kritirkan
al-Na’im terhadap hukum pidana islam yang ditulis dalam bukunya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Toward an Islamic Reformation; Civil
Liberties, Human Rights, and International Law, </i>pada intinya terdapat
beberapa pokok masalah dalam hukum pidana islam yang dijadikan pembahasan
penelitian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini yaitu: a) persoalan
administrasi hukum pidana; b) Identifikasi, definisi, dan ruang lingkup <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hudud</i>; c) Rasionalilasi keagamaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hudud </i>dalam standar hukum internasional;
d) Persoalan diskriminasi di depan hukum.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persoalan Administrasi Hukum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melakukan
survei perinci tentang administrasi peradilan pidana yang terjadi dalam sejarah
islam terasa sulit dilakukan, karena tidak tersedia informasi historis yang
andal. Akan tetapi, dapat diasumsikan bahwa banyak kebijakan administatif
dilakukan dalam administrasi peradilan pidana dalam berbagai tahapan sejarah
kaum muslimin. Dapat diduga pernah ada susunan peradilan pidana yang tepat dan
sesuai dengan syari’ah dalam suatu periode sejarah umat islam, namun
penerapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hukum pidana syari’ah secara
drastis tereduksi menjelang permulaan abad XX. Dimulai dari runtuhnya Khalifah
Usmaniyah di bagian barat dunia Muslim dan konsesi-konsesi timbal balik oleh
kerajaan Mongolian di timur sepanjang abad XIX serta kolonisasi negara negara
islam oleh Eropa, hukum pidana barat secara bertahap mengantikan syariah baik
pada level formal maupun praktiknya ( G. Ber,1977:139).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Syari’ah
histori hanya sedikit membicarkan masalah-masalah pelaksanaan hukum praktis
yang penting. Ini membuka jalan bagi formulasi modern dipandang dari sudut
pertimbangan-pertimbangan kebijakan islam. Sistem prosedur pidana yang
terperinci harus diformulasikan da diberlakukan sebelum hukum pidana islam
diterapkan. Perbedaan-perbedaan substansial antara model-model yang ada dan
perubahan-perubahan yang terus-menerus dan masing-masing model jelas menunjukan
sifat sistem perundang-undangan modern yang dinamis dan organik. Perlu
dibedakan hukum pidana islam sebagai materi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fiqh
</i>atau doktrin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nash </i>dengan hukum
pidana sebagai undang-undang. Ketika persoalan hukum pidana telah menyangkut
kepentingan publik, maka ia tidak lagi berfugsi sebagai materi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fiqh </i>tetapi ia harus menjadi materi
hukum positif. Ini berarti yang muncul adalah pendekatan perundang-undangan,
bukan sekedar wancana keilmuan.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara-negara
Islam diwajibkan menghormati standar-standar yang ada dalam dokumen-dokumen
hukum internasional, khususnnya yang berhubungan dengan administrasi hukum
pidana karena mereka harus melindungi hak-hak warga negara asing yang berada
didalam batasan-batasan geografis mereka. Semua negara memiliki warga asing
dengan jumlah yang cukup signifikan. Yurisdiksi pidana berlaku secara positif
bagi warga apapun yang melakukan tindak pidana di suatu negara tertentu.
Sebagian besar standar-standar konstitusional hukum pidana menghormati prinsip
itu dan memberlakukan perlindungan minimum untuk menentukan salah dan tidak <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>salah secara adil dan sah. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Persoalannya masih ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>negara islam yang tidak menghormati
standar-standar yang internasional dimaksud, misalnya Arab Saudi, yang secara
tegas menerapkan kewarganegaraan hanya pada warga Muslim saja. Standar-standar
konstitusional dan internasional biasanya merinci perbuatan apa saja yang boleh
dan yang dilangar oleh hukum pidana. Namun, konstitusi nasional dan instrumen
internasional pada umumnya melarang hukuman atau perlakuan yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kejam dan tidak manusiawi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dengan
demikian, implikasi dari prespektif pelaksanaan dari hukum pidana syari’ah
dalam suatu masyarakat yang multi agama terlihat dengan jelas. Kunci masalahnya
adalah, bahwa kedaulatan nasional atas substansi (materi) hukum pidana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bukanlah pembenaran bagi penduduk mayoritas
untuk melaksanakan nilai-nilai moral, pengertian, ruang lingkup, dan isi hukum
pidana dari pihak mayoritas kepada minoritas. Seringkali pelanggaran seperti
ini ditemukan di negara negara yang mayoritas penduduknya beragama islam. Oleh
karena itu, tidak mengherankan jika administrasi hukum pidana di beberapa
negara muslim menyeleksi secara cermat apakah ia sesuai dengan semangat
konstitusi nasional dan instrumen-instrumen internasional. Menurut pandangan
al-Na’im, sebagian besar negara muslim modern telah mengambil pendekatan khusus
terhadap hukum pidana ini dalam kontitusi nasional mereka. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Standar-standar
kontitusinasional dan internasional yang disebut al-Na’im sebagai konsekuensi
masyarakat internasional yang mempunyai ototritas politik dan moral (jika bukan
legal) dan tinggi diantara deklarasi Universal HAM tahun 1948 dan perkatan
internasional tentang hak-hak sipil da politik tahun 1966. Deklarsi Universal
tersebut, didukung sebagaian negara besar Islam. Meskipun standar-standar
konstiusional dan internasional biasanya lebih berhubungan dengan masalah
prosedur pemidanaan yang sifatnya teknis, namun prinsip legalitas dan masalah
hukuman serta perlakuan tehadap seorang narapidana tetap perlu di perhatikan.
Prinsip leglitas diracang untuk memberikan maklumat seluas mungkin kepada
masyarakat tentang apa yang dilarang oleh hukum pidana sehingga mereka dapat
menyesuaikan tingkah lakunya.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
konteks hukum pidana islam, para penulis modern telah mengidentifikasikan tiga
kategori pokok pelanggaran, yakni: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hudud,
jinayat, </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ta’zir</i>. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hudud </i>dikatakan suatu pelanggaran dimana
pelanggaran dimana hukuman khusus dapat diterapkan secara keras tanpa memberikan
peluang bagi pertimbangan, baik lembaga, badan, maupun jiwa seseorang. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jinayat </i>mencakup pelanggaran, baik
dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qishash </i>(pembalasan setimpal)
maupun membayar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Diyat </i>(denda dengan
uang atau senilai) bagi korban atau diberikan kepada sanak familinya. Adapun <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’zir </i>merujuk kepada kekuasaan
legalitas yang didasarkan kepada kebijaksanaan yang tersisa bagi penguasa, para
hakimnya dan wakil-wakilnya untuk memperbarui dan mendisiplinkan warga mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanpaberusaha
mengembangkan prinsip umum yang dapat iterapkan pada semua pelanggaran, maka
pendekatan yang diambil akan terlalu rumit dan fragmentaris untuk menopang
hukum pidana modern. Perkembangan prinsip-prinsip tanggung jawab, pembuktian,
dan prosedur pidana dari penerapan umum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>bukan tidak sesuai dengan penerapan unsur-unsur tambahan yang khusus
terhadap pelanggaran tertentu atau kelompok pelanggaran yang mana pun. Salah
satu mekanisme untuk menggecek penyalahgunaan kekuasaan pemerintah adalah
prinsip kekuasaan hukum (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the rule of law)
</i>yang hanya memberi wewenang kepada para pejabat untuk bertindak sesuai
dengan aturan-aturan hukum penerapan umum yang sudah ditetapkan sebelumnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketidaksepakatan
mengenai perincian yang pasti tentang prinsip pemisahan kekuasaan dalam
legislasi pidana oleh lembaga legislatif dan eksekutif yang independen dan
secara teknisrapan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkopenten dapat
saja terjadi. Karena hal itu menyangkut penrapan fungsi pemerintahan dengan
variasi kultural dan ideologis yang berbeda pula. Akan tetapi, menurut al Na’im
perbedaan-perbedaan dan variasi tersebuttidak sepatutnya memengaruhi validitas
universal prinsip ini begitu diterapkan pada peradilan pidana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketegasan-ketegasa
dan ambivalensi yang mendasari kebijakan islamisasi yang dilakukan oleh
Presiden Ja’far Numeyry, tercermin pada undang undang September 1983. Sikap
ambivalen lainnya mencerminkan problem-problem dasar aplikasi hukum pidana
syariah modern yang di diskusikan pada bagian terdahulu. Dalam kritik singkat
terhadap sebagian undang-undang tahun 1983 berikut ini, tekanan akan diberikan
pada problem dasar hukum pidana syari’ah historis jika ingin diterapkan dalam
negara-negara modren. Undang-undang Acara Pidana Tahun 1983 secara sederhana
merupakan pemberlakuan kembali Undang-undang Acara Pidana “sekular” sebelumnya
secara keseluruhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena
kurangnya sistem hukum pidana substantif yang komprehensif dalam syari’ah, maka
undang-udang Pidana Sundan tahun 1983 direduksi dengan mencangkokan
aturan-aturan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hudud </i>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jinayat </i>syari’ah pada undang-undang
pidana yang ada. Dengan demikian, prinsip-prinsip umum tentang tenggung jawab
pidana bersama yang ada ketika suatu pelanggaran dilakukan oleh lebih dari
seorang, karena bersengkokolnya orang lain dalam melakukan pelanggaran tersebut
dan karena upaya untuk melakukan pelanggaran dipakai semuanya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bila
prinsip-prinsip syaria’ah diberlakukan dalam bagian 64<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Undang-undang Pidana Tahun 1983, pengkhususan
hukuman yang mungkin dijatuhkan berdasarkan undang-undang tersebut, akan
memeperparah ambiguitas tersebut. Kebijaksanaan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>luas seperti dalam penjatuhan hukuman jelas
didasarkan pada kekuasaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ta’zir </i>syari’ah,
yang hampir-hampir tidak dapat dengan keras dibicarakan dalam sistem peradilan
pidana modern, karena ketidakjelasan yang tidak dapat diterima dan potensial
bagi penyelewengan. Konsekuensi-konsekuensi serius dari ambiguitas
sumber-sumber syariah tentang <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hadd haraba
</i>atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qath al-thariq </i>diilustrasikan
oleh penerapan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hadd </i>dengan variasi
pelanggaran yang luas dibawah undang-undang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pidana tahun 1983.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disamping
menerapkan hukum syari’ah bagi <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hadd </i>perampokan
dan pelanggaran-pelanggaran yang terkait sebagaimana sebagaimana didefinisikan
oleh undang-undang terdahulu. Bila kita cermati hukum <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hadd </i>ini, dinyatakan didalam ayat 5:33 Al-Quran, baik hukuman mati
penyelipan, atau pemotongan tangan dan kaki secara silang atau pembuangan, maka
kita dapat menyadari bertapa pentingnya pembatasan aplikasinya pada tingkat
semaksimal mungkin. Problem penerapan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hudud
</i>terhadap non-muslim dimunculkan oleh Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tahun 1983. Karena, berbagai hukuman syari’ah
terhadap <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hudud syariqah </i>(pencurian), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qath al-thariq </i>(perampokan ditengah
jalan), dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qadzf </i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(tuduhan zina tanpa bukti) diterapkan bagi
setiap pelaku pelanggaran, tanpa memandang agama dan kepercayaan mereka. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keberatan
konstitusional atas undang-undang yang diskriminatif berdasarkan agama dan
gender dapat muncul dari undang-undang Pembuktian Negara Sundan 1983 yang
mencerminkan diskriminasi seperti ditentukan syari’ah. Sebagai contoh,
diskriminasi yang mendasari ketentuan undang-undang itu dengan kompetisi
kesaksian mengikuti prinsip-prinsip syariah yang mendiskualikasikan non-muslim
dan perempuan sebagai saksi dalam banyak kasus. Lebih lanjut, untuk menjamin
penyesuaian yang tuntas terhadap aturan-aturan syari’ah menyangkut kasus-kasus
tertentu, pasal 81 undang-undang itu menyatakan tidak ada ketetapan
undang-undang tersebut yang dapat ditafsirkan dengan cara tidak sesuai dengan
syari’ah. Dengan demikian, kompetensi kesaksian dalam undang-undang ditetapkan
sesuai dengan syari’ah, meskipun trem-trem yang digunakan dalam pasal 27
undang-undang itu bersifat netral.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Implementasi
standar hukum publik syari’ah yang adil, dalam padangan al-An’im, adalah dengan
membangun hubungan yang sangat erat dengan persepsi masyarakat mengenai
legitimasi standar-standar hukum publik yang baru, sebab kemungkinan menerima
dan melaksankan standar hukum publik yang baru lebih mudah apabila umat islam
menerima norma dan nilai yang sah dari sudut pandang kulturnya sendiri.
Mekanisme implementasi dan pemberlakuan resmi dan penyelesain atas pelanggaran
standar hukum juga tergantung pada persepsi masyarakatnya mengenai legitimasi
kultural terhadap standar hukum. Semakin kuat standar hukum publik syari’ah
dalam tataran kultural maka semakin mantap kesadaran masyarakat untuk
mengikutinya dan semakin lebih baik pemberlakuannya oleh para penyelenggaraan
resmi negara. Sebaliknya semakin dangkal legitimasi standar hukum tersebut,
maka semakin banyak pelanggaran yang dilakukan. Dalam prespektif ini hukum
publik syari’ah dapat mempunyai dampak “kultural” yang positif dan juga
negatif. Dampak positifnya jika hukum publik syari’ah mendukung norma dan nilai
yang malandasi standar hukum itu,sedangkan dampak negatifnya yaitu jika hukum
syari’ah itu tidak mendukung norma dan standar nilai hukum tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Al-Na’im
kembali memberlakukan teori <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nasakh </i>dalam
konsep evolusi legislasi dalam rangka untuk membangun hukum islam yang koheren,
komperherensif dan sesuai dengan semangat Al-Quran dan Sunnah. Disamping itu ia
juga sekaligus mengkritk keterbatasan teori ijtihad tradisional yang masih
terbatas ruang geraknya yakni batasan mengenai teks Al-Quran dan Sunnah yang
jelas dan terperinci. Teori <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nasakh </i>al-Na’im
juga mengajukan perlunya teori reformasi yang bercorak lintas kultural (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">global</i>) dalam hukum publik syari’ah
yakni teori reformasi yang mempertemukan budaya hukum islam dengan budaya hukum
lain secara delektis. Standar hukum yang sudah dibakukan perlu dikenakan asas
berlaku surut (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">retrospektif</i>) demi
tercapainya legitimasi kultural yang sebenarnya tanpa harus yang menjadi alat
justifikasi diantara salah satunya. Tujuannya adalah untuk membuat instrumen
dalam mencari konsensus seluas mungkin untuk mencapai legitimasi kultural yang
lebih luas, atau jika tidak dicapai, minimal diperoleh . persamaan.<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Identifikasi, Definisi dan Ruang Lingkup Hudud<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hudud adalah
bentuk jamak dari hadd yang menurut bahasa berarti menahan (menghukum,
mencegah, mengekang, atau melarang). Olah karena itu, hudud merupakan peraturan
yang bersifat membatasi atau mencegah, sekaligus merupakan undan-undang dari
Allah yang berkenaan dengan halal dan haram. Menurut istilah, hudud berarti sanksi-sanksi
bagi orang yang melanggar hukum dengan dicambuk, dirajam, atau anggota badannya
dipotong<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 15.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kesan mengerikan dari potong tangan dan kaki,
penyaliban, hokum mati, dan dera yang merupkan hokum khas syariah bagi
pelanggar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hudud</i>, adalah kesan popular
yang dominan menyangkut penerapan hokum islam. Wlaupun pelaksanaan
hukuman-hukuman itu tampaknya enjdi prioritas utama bagi umat islam pendukung
penerapan syariah secara tuntas, namun ada beberapa problem serius menyangkut
identifikasi dan definisi da ruang lingkup pelanggaran. Relevansi pembenaran
penologist yangberkaitan dengan pelanggaran hudud.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">De</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ngan memberikan
beberapa contoh problem problem yang dikemukakan Al-na'im dan melakukan
refleksi terhadap masalah tersebut. pertama, masalah fundamental dalam
menentukan jumlah hudud dan mendefinisikan nya adalah dari mana menjabarkannya:
apakah wujud itu hanya terbatas pada pelanggaran-pelanggaran yang hukumnya
secara tegas ditetapkan dalam Al quran atau termasuk pelanggaran pelanggaran
yang hukumnya disebut dalam sunnah ? posisi yang diambil sebagian besar oleh
para ahli hukum perintis adalah, sudut merupakan pelanggaran pelanggaran yang
hukumnya ditetapkan dalam Alquran maupun sunnah . menurut pandangan ini, jenis
sudut ada 6: yaitu, sadiqah (pencuri), harabah (pemberontakan atau perampokan
besar dijalan), zina, qadzf (menuduh berzina), sukr (mabuk), riddah (keluar
dari Islam). Kedua, sebagian risalah fiqh Islam menyebutkan jadi ketujuh yang
disebut al-baghy, yakni pemberontakan bersenjata menentang negara Islam. akan
tetapi, karena ayat al-qur'an biasanya dinyatakan sebagai sumber hadd al-baghy
ini tidak menetapkan hukum individu, maka keberadaan hadd al-baghy yang
independen diragukan. kalaupun ada hukuman had bagi pemberontakan dengan
kekerasan atau bersenjata menentang negara, mungkin didasarkan pada sumber yang
lain misalnya dari ayat tentang haraba. Ketiga, ketetapan hudud sukr
(mabuk)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan riddah (murtad) juga
diragukan oleh al-na'im. Al-na'im juga menggugat hukum lain yakni hukuman
dengan sunnah sebagai sumber hudud. Alquran menentukan 100 cambukan untuk zina
tanpa mengaitkan status perkawinan pelaku . adapun sunnah menetapkan hukuman
pelemparan dengan batu sampai mati jika pelaku sudah menikah. Keempat, masalah
fundamental lainnya adalah dalam menentukan jumlah hudud dan definisinya
masing-masing darimana menjabarkannya. Apakah hudud itu hanya terbatas pada
pelanggaran yang hukum secara tegas diterapkan dalam Alquran untuk atau termasuk
pelanggaran pelanggaran yang hukumnya disebut dalam sunnah saja. posisi yang
diambil oleh sebagian besar ahli hukum perintis adalah mencangkup keduanya,
ayat dan Sunnah, yaitu: pencurian, pemberontakan atau perampokan besar zina
mabuk dan keluar dari Islam. Ke lima, terkait dengan pengertian pemberontakan,
Al na'im mempertanyakan definisi pelanggaran itu sendiri dan unsur-unsurnya.
Persoalan mendasar yang perlu dijawab adalah apakah pemberontakan sekedar
kejahatan atas harta terhadap korban yang di isolasi dan tak melawan atau
merupakan kejahatan politik diantaranya termasuk tentara yang membelot pada
perang saudara, dan konfiks dalam skala besar yang menyebabkan hilangnya banyak
biaya atau perusakan terhadap harta benda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">alam membahas
persoalan-persoalan atau keberatan-keberatan yang telah dikemukakan di atas,
al-na'im mengemukakan bahwa legislasi harus mendefinisikan prinsip-prinsip umum
tindak pidana yang tidak memenuhi syarat tanggung jawab pidana . dengan kata
lain, legislasi harus mengatur tanggung jawab seorang anggota komplotan dalam
satu pelanggaran yang dibedakan dari tanggung jawab pelaku langsung pelanggaran
tersebut. Sebagai contoh legislasi harus menentukan apa dan bagaimana tanggung
jawab hukumnya jika terdapat fakta bahwa seorang anggota persengkongkolan
adalah anak kecil atau cacat mental. Legislasi juga harus mengatur
pertanggungjawaban relatif dari sejumlah besar serta dalam perbuatan pidana
yang sama . bahkan seandainya apabila seseorang harus menggeneralisasikan
aturan tersebut untuk diformulasikan sebagai pelanggaran tertentu maka akan
ditemukan perbedaan pandangan di kalangan para ahli hukum dan terlalu kecil nya
otoritas pandangan mereka untuk menopang seperangkat prinsip umum yang
komprehensif dan koheren.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pendapat al-na'im ini dapat dipahami maksudnya
agar setiap aspek yang terkait dengan hudud teridentifikasidengan baik sehingga
pertanggungjawaban hukumnya menjadi jelas baik mengenai substansi pelanggaran
maupun pelakunya. Dalam yurisprudensi Islam historis hanya membedakan hudud dan
jinayat dengan ta'zir dalam pendekatan dan kategori secara terpisah-pisah,
kekuasaan takzir pun tidak digunakan secara kolektif melalui pembuat hukum.
Gambaran pokok yang membedakan hudud adalah keseragaman (invariabalitas)
hukuman. persyaratan bahwa hukuman tertentu dijatuhkan ketika pelanggaran
diketahui oleh yang berwenang dan terbukti menurut Syariah dengan mengabaikan
aspirasi korban. baik korban maupun yang berwenang tidak memiliki kebijakan
apapun ketika masalah pelanggaran diadukan . ini merupakan perbedaan penting
antara hudud, di satu pihak, dengan jinayat dan ta'zir di pihak lain. walaupun
hukuman jinayat ditunjuk oleh teks Alquran yang jelas, namun teks yang sama
mengizinkan adanya kebijakan alternatif mengenai apakah menuntut atau memilih antara
qishas ( balasan setimpal )<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau
menerima diyat ( kompensasi uang/benda).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Pada prinsipnya tidak ada wewenang keagamaan
Islam untuk menghapus hard terhadap suatu pelanggaran, walaupun di sana mungkin
terdapat celah untuk mempertimbangkan kondisi umum dan khusus bagi
pelanggaran-pelanggaran tertentu di dalam batasan umum Alquran dan Sunnah.
suatu pendekatan radikal guna memperbarui aspek hukum publik Syariah telah
disarankan dalam bagian studi ini. Wewenang Alquran dapat dinyatakan sebagai
prinsip modern alternatif . pada prinsipnya, kata Al na'im, tidak ada otoritas
Qur'ani untuk menghapuskan hudud yang dapat dilakukan adalah
"pembatasan" aplikasinya dalam praktik. dari perspektif tingkat
kekejaman hukuman yang ditemukan secara ekstrem dan konsekuensi-konsekuensi
politik negatif pelaksanaannya, al-na'im<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yakin, bahwa adalah lebih baik untuk membatasi persyaratan keniscayaan
hukuman hudud terhadap pelanggaran-pelanggaran yang hukumnya senantiasa disebut
secara khusus dalam Alquran. Jika hal ini menjadi kriteria maka hendaknya
dibatasi pada 4 pelanggaran yang pertama. Yakni Sariqah, haraba, zina, dan
qafzh karena hanya pelanggaran-pelanggaran itulah yang hukumnya dalam teks
Alquran disebutkan dengan jelas dan terperinci. oleh karena itu, penggunaan
Sunnah untuk mendukung hukuman yang lebih berat (rajam) dalam kasus zina
mungkin dibedakan dari penggunaannya sebagai sumber hudud karena zina merupakan
hadd berdasarkan al-quran, sedangkan sunnah semata-mata menjatuhkan hukuman
yang lebih keras di dalam situasi tertentu ( status telah beristri).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">elain itu, pandangan
yang terbatas tentang sumber-sumber hudud direkomendasikan oleh problem-problem
tertentu yang terkait dengan 2 hudud yang lain yakni<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sukr dan riddah. "Berkenaan dengan sukr
(mabuk), baik Alquran maupun sunnah tidak menyebutkan hukuman khusus. "
hal ini dapat dilihat dari perbedaan pendapat yang luas di kalangan para ahli
hukum islam atas banyak aspek pelanggaran yang memasukkan jumlah cambukan
tertentu untuk dikenakan sebagai hukuman. terasa agak mengherankan, bahwa para
ahli hukum telah menyetujui klasifikasi pelanggaran tersebut sebagai had,
karena nabi, tegas Al na'im, tidak mengatur hukuman peminum alkohol dalam
berbagai kasus dan memerintahkan hukuman cambuk dalam jumlah yang tidak
terbatas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">apat dijelaskan bahwa
kasus yang diperintahkan untuk dihukum lebih merupakan contoh khusus bagi
penggunaan ta'zir (hukuman yang berdasarkan kebijaksanaan) daripada penjelasan
hukuman tertentu dan pasti yang membuat pelanggaran suatu hadd. Dalam persoalan
Ridha menurut al-na'im walaupun riddah (keluar dari Islam) dikecam oleh Alquran
dengan kata-kata yang paling keras namun Alquran tidak menetapkan hukum apapun
bagi riddah. Bahwa ayat-ayat Alquran (Q.S Al-Baqarah (2): QS. Yunus (10): 99
dan QS. Al-kahfi (18):29).memberikan kebebasan kepada manusia untuk memilih
keyakinannya, tidak ada paksaan untuk memeluk agama Islam secara fitrah
dirasakan apabila orang memeluk Islam karena kesadaran bukan karena terpaksa
atau tipudaya, akan selamanya tetap masuk Islam. terlebih lagi, tidak ada
alasan untuk menghukum seseorang yang hanya karena ia melakukan perbuatan
tertentu kemudian ia dituduh murtad berdasarkan pandangan pandangan sempit atau
pertimbangan-pertimbangan politik apa yang dikemukakan al-qur'an pada abad-abad
pertengahan mengenai term-term kebebasan dan tidak adanya paksaan dalam
berpandangan merupakan puncak peradaban . mayoritas ahli hukum muslim
mengklasifikasikan riddah sebagai hadd yang bisa dihitung hati seperti disebut
dalam sunnah. namun klasifikasi seperti itu melanggar hak asasi kebebasan
beragama yang didukung oleh Alquran sendiri dalam sejumlah ayat. Menyadarkan
pada otoritas Alquran yang lebih tinggi bagi kebebasan hati nurani dan
membantah bahwa sunnah yang ada menjatuhkan pidana mati dapat dijelaskan
situasi khusus dari kasus yang dibicarakan beberapa penulis muslim modern yang
berpendapat bahwa Rida bukanlah hadd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">emang, pendekatan ini
memperbincangkan konsekuensi konsekuensi negatif riddah lainnya dalam syariah,
tidak pula menghalangi penjatuhan hukuman yang lain bagi riddah dengan ta'zir.
Naim dengan argumen di atas, berpendirian untuk menyingkirkan semua keberatan
konstitusional dan hak asasi manusia, maka konsep hukum riddah dan semua
konsekuensi perdata dan pidana nya harus dihapuskan. otoritas sunnah, yang
mungkin ada bagi konsekuensi-konsekuensi pidana dan konsekuensi konsekuensi
lainnya terhadap orang murtad seharusnya dijadikan sebagai suatu hukum
peralihan yang tidak lagi bisa diterapkan sebagai prinsip evolusi</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">C) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Rasionalisasi
keagamaan dalam standar hukum internasional<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ertolak dari sudut
pandang keyakinan, seorang muslim percaya bahwa hukuman hudud yang khas
tersebut adalah patut dan akan mencapai kemaslahatan sosial dan perorangan
sebagaimana dibayangkan, karena Tuhan yang menetapkannya. Dari sudut pandang
ini, sia-sia mencari indikasi cultural hukuman hudud. bagi orang yang
beriman,hukuman tersebut ditetapkan berdasarkan kewajiban karena Tuhan telah
menentukan. Kredo pandangan hidup dan ultimate cencern, dan tidak melihat agama
sebagai hal yang juga bersifat historis cultural. M. Amin Abdullah,
"rekonstruksi metodologi studi agama", <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">kebenaran logika keyakinan agama mungkin
berlaku bagi orang yang beriman, namun permasalahannya ia tidak memiliki
validitas bagi orang yang tidak beriman. kecuali kalau sudut bisa dibenarkan
atas dasar rasional. Sebab, hukum tersebut secara rasional tidak bisa
diberlakukan terhadap non muslim karena mereka tidak akan mampu memahami alasan
keagamaan di balik hukuman itu . mereka juga tidak akan memperoleh manfaat dari
perspektif kemaslahatan a keagamaan agama mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ersoalan pendekatan
terhadap hukuman pidana itu mungkin juga ditentang karena dianggap sebagai
diskriminasi berdasarkan agama memperkosa persamaan konstitusional di depan
hukum. itu mungkin juga karena dianggap sebagai berdasarkan agama memperkosa
hak persamaan didepan hukum. dengan kata lain, seorang warga negara muslim
mungkin keberatan menjadi objek hukum yang tidak bisa diterapkan pada warga
nonmuslim.pembebasan nonmuslim dari penerapan hidup dapat menimbulkan berbagai
problem serius yang lain termasuk masalah menentukan afiliasi agama pelaku.
Jika hudud itu terapkanhanya kepada umat Islam dan riddah tidak bisa dikenai
hukuman mati, seperti telah dijelaskan terdahulu, seorang pelaku pelanggaran
mungkin berusaha menghindari hukuman had dengan menolak beriman pada Islam. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Al
na’i</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">m juga mengangkat
persoalan-persoalan yang berkaitan dengan prinsip umum tanggung jawab,
pembuktian, dan prosedur pidana hal ini disebabkan karena sama-sama tidak
dikembangkan dalam syariah. daftar persoalan-persoalan yang terpecahkan jauh
lebih banyak. Masing-masing masalah yang dikemukakan di atas memasukkan
sejumlah persoalan-persoalan yang sama pentingnya. persoalan-persoalan itu
terlepas dari alasan-alasan politik, tidak pernah diperbincangkan dan
diselesaikan secara otoritatif sebelum penerapan hukum pidana Islam di
negeri-negeri seperti sudan. Abdullah Ahmad Al naeem, ketika mengomentari hukum
Islam yang berhubungan dengan urusan publik seperti hukum hudud, qishas, dan
yang sejenisnya mengatakan, hukum publik yang terkandung dalam syariah adalah
sepenuhnya dapat dijadikan landasan dan konsisten dengan konteks historis
nya.menurut logika Syariah sebagai hukum keagamaan, sekali Alquran dan Sunnah
berbicara jelas dan pasti, maka orang beriman tidak memiliki pilihan lain
kecuali patuh . ketika semua pertimbangan teks yang sesuai dan penafsirannya
diselesaikan, maka sampai pada kesimpulan menjadi perintah bagi orang beriman.
pencarian pembenaran rasional mungkin membantu orang beriman memahami kebebasan
dan alasan aturan tersebut tetapi gagal menemukan pembenaran yang objektif dan
memadai yang tidak membebaskannya dari memenuhi kewajiban tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Dengan cara ini,
sejauh umat menyangkut Islam, pertimbangan-pertimbangan sosiologis dan
penologis tidak dapat mempengaruhi prinsip hudud. kebenaran hudud sebagai
bagian dari hukum pidana suatu negara Islam adalah tidak lepas dari keberadaan
atau kuatnya pembenaran sosiologis maupun penologis. tetapi, bagi Al naeem terlihat
jelas bahwa penerapan praktik hudud tergantung pada faktor-faktor politik.
literature penologi kontemporer berusaha menentukan kebijakan pidana dalam
mempertimbangkan ganti rugi ( retribution), penangkalan (deterrence), dan
perbaikan (reform) pelaku pelanggaran. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ertimbangan-pertimbangan
menyangkut pencegahan, baik pelanggaran khusus maupun pelanggaran-pelanggaran
potensial yang lain dan perbaikan pelanggar melalui hukuman, didasarkan pada
asumsi tertentu menyangkut pola-pola dan motivasi perilaku manusia. namun
keputusan penerapan hukuman tertentu terdapat suatu pelanggaran yang ada bisa
di justifikasi sebagai pencegahan atau perbaikan, didasarkan pada pertimbangan
nilai yang tidak terlalu berlebihan atau tidak tepat bagi pelanggaran tersebut.
Dengan kata lain, ketidakpantasan yang berlebihan suatu hukuman yang ada dapat
menghilangkan nilai pencegahan atau menghilangkan potensi untuk memperbaiki nya
atau malah dapat diabaikan sama sekali.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ketika diterapkan pada hudud, analisis ini dapat mengantarkan ke arah
kesimpulan-kesimpulan berikut.rasa kemanusiaan kita yang independen tentang
keadilan dapat mengetahui misalnya, bahwa pemotongan tangan kanan adalah
hukuman yang terlampau kejam terhadap (pencuri). sekali lagi kita dapat
merasakan, bahwa melempari batu hingga mati adalah hukuman yang terlampau kejam
terhadap pelaku zina yang masih terikat perkawinan. Pandangan-pandangan
kelayakan hukuman hudud tersebut didasarkan pada pertimbangan nilai kita
tentang ketercelaan moral dan konsekuensi-konsekuensi sosial perbuatan
tersebut. dalam kasus dari sudut pandang agama pun, orang yang beriman harus
memegangi pertimbangan nilai kemanusiaan untuk disubordinasikan pada
pertimbangan ilahiyah sebagaimana dinyatakan dalam Wahyu</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">eseorang harus
menerima pertimbangan nilai ilahiyah dan lebih berusaha membenarkan dan mencari
pembenaran dan memahaminya ketimbang menolaknya berdasarkan pertimbangan nilai
kemanusiaan yang independen. Ustadz mohmoud thaha, menurut al-na'im, telah
menjelaskan, bahwa prinsip Al - muwa'adah (ganti rugi dan timbal balik). Yang
mendasari hudud (dan qisas, mata di bahas mata) adalah memancar dari sumber
kehidupan yang fundamental. Hal tersebut bukan hukum agama dalam pengertian
umum biasa. bagaimanapun, prinsip umum ini dapat dipahami oleh seluruh umat
manusia, tanpa mempedulikan Apa agama atau kepercayaan yang mereka anut. bahwa
hukuman-hukuman tersebut adalah tepat karena disamping ia melayani kepentingan
agressor juga melayani mereka yang menjadi korban dan masyarakat pada umumnya.
dengan mengambil contoh seseorang yang mencabut mata orang lain dengan menahan
kemarahan ustadz Mahmoud menjelaskan masalah ini sebagai berikut: jika yang
menerima ganti rugi berada pada posisi yang sama dengan posisi korbannya dan
matahari dicabut seperti yang terjadi pada korban tersebut (muwa'adah) , maka
dua tujuan telah terpenuhi pada waktu yang sama. Pertama, kepentingan komunitas
akan terlindungi dengan mencegah agresor nya, sekaligus mempertinggi
kepekaannya dengan pengalaman dia dengan demikian, ia menyadari sakitnya
penderitaan tersebut dan besarnya kerugian telah dia perbuatdengan demikian, ia
menyadari sakitnya penderitaan tersebut dan besarnya kerugian telah dia
perbuat. Ustadz Mahmud membenarkan hukuman hudud dengan cara yang sama. dengan
mengambil contoh hukuman had zina ia mengatakan bahwa pelaku zina mencari
kesenangan dengan mudah tanpa menghiraukan Syariah (hukum), maka mereka dibuat
menderita agar memperoleh kembali perasaannya. Dengan membuat dirinya
menderita, karena telah menuruti kesenangan yang terlarang, dia menegakkan
kembali keseimbangan dan menghindari sikap sembrono dan bodoh. Penalaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini bisa jadi menyakinkan tidak bisa jadi
menyakinkan bagi non muslim. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.15pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">agaimanapun juga harus
ditekankan, bahwa keyakinan umat Islam terhadap hudud untuk kemaslahatan
nonmuslim dan umat Islam tidak relevan dari sudut pandang non muslim yang tidak
terlibat dalam keyakinan tersebut. namun ada otoritas tinggi dalam syariah
untuk memberlakukan hukum hak tertentu terhadap non-muslim. Misalnya, pemahaman
bahwa pelemparan batu hingga mati bagi pezina yang terikat perkawinan merupakan
bagian dari hukum Yahudi. nabi dikabarkan telah menerapkan hukuman ini terhadap
kaum Yahudi berdasarkan hukum yang dipercayainya di negara Madinah. Al naim
menyatakan, bahwa rasionalisasi keagamaan hudud adalah pembenaran yang tidak
memadai untuk memasukkan pelanggaran-pelanggaran tersebut dan hukuman hukuman
nya ke dalam hukum pidana negara bangsa modern kan tidak ada upaya yang pernah
dibuat untuk menjustifikasi hudud dalam tren-tren sosiologis dan teologis
lintas kultural dan lintas agama. Dari sudut pandang Islam, Al naeem ingin
memberikan argumentasi, bahwa Islam yang fundamental tentang kebebasan beragama
dan keadilan dalam pemerintahan dengan jelas memberi indikasi bahwa undang-undang
pidana Islam tidak harus diberlakukan terhadap non muslim yang tidak
menghendakinya, pembenaran sosiologis dan penologi sudut mungkin relevan pada
level yang lain. Seperti dijelaskan di atas, pada prinsipnya, merupakan
kewajiban agama umat Islam untuk menerima hudud sesuai dengan usaha-usaha
mereka untuk membatasi penerapannya secara praktis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">esimpulan umum bagian
ini adalah, bahwa terlalu banyak peluang untuk penyalah penyalahgunaan hudud
jika ia diperlakukan terhadap warga negara di negara Syaruah mutakhir. karena
sifat kekuasaan ta'zir yang asli, maka masalah kebijakan pidana dalam laporan
ini mungkin membuat dirinya lebih siap untuk dikonsumsi ikan yang disepakati
ketimbang dalam lapangan hudud dan jinayat. umat Islam secara umum lebih tidak
terikat oleh ajaran iman mereka yang fundamental untuk membedakan anakan
tindakan tertentu atau membebankan suatu bentuk hukuman yang ada daripada dalam
kasus kasus hudud dan jinayat</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">D) </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Persoalan diskriminasi
didepan hukum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">embunuhan dan melukai
anggota badan disebut di dalam sejumlah teks Alquran dan Sunnah. Sehubungan
dengan sifat yuridis pelanggaran-pelanggaran itu kita hanya mempunyai kutipan
Alquran 2:175 dan 5:45 untuk mengilustrasikan problem-problem tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> U</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">nsur kebijaksanaan yang diberikan kepada korban atau
sanak keluarganya dalam ayat itu, mengeluarkan jin ayat dari kategori hudud
yang tegas, menurut al-na'im, karena ada kebijaksanaan yang tidak sama. Al'naim
menduga, bahwa kebijaksanaan dalam jinayat ini secara jelas ditafsirkan dengan
sudut pandang kebiasaan suku yang berlaku pada masyarakat muslim awal. baik
orang yang diberi wewenang untuk menggunakan kebijaksanaan tersebut maupun
kompensasi (diyat) yang tepat ditentukan oleh praktik kebiasaan suku Arab abad
ke-7. Sunnah dan praktik muslim awal memberi masukan terperinci prinsip jinayat
ini</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">anyak aspek pada
aturan itu yang tampak tidak sesuai dengan prinsip persamaan didepan hukum.
Sebagai contoh, diyat ( kompensasi uang/benda) karena pembunuhan terhadap
seorang perempuan ditentukan oleh ahli hukum islam awal dengan nilai setengah
dari jumlah kompensasi pembunuhan terhadap seorang laki-laki. hal ini sebagian
disebabkan karena ayat pertama yang dikutip di atas menyatakan, umum Syariah
yang didasarkan pada ayat-ayat Alquran yang lain, bahwa seorang perempuan
bernilai setengah kesaksian laki-laki dan menerima setengah bagian warisan
laki-laki. memang benar secara prinsip, bahwa tindakan pidana dapat menyebabkan
kompensasi yang dibayar dengan uang juga dapat tetap memberlakukan hukuman
terhadap pelakunya. Namun, al-naim, beranggapan adalah penting untuk menentukan
sifat dasar tindakan tersebut dengan sudut pandang yang berbeda secara
signifikan dalam aturan-aturan pembuktian dan prosedur yang dapat diterapkan
terhadap masing-masing tipe tindakan . untuk mempertahankan perbedaan-perbedaan
tersebut dan penerapannya dalam praktik hukum sehari-hari pada tahap tahap
peradilan maupun pasca peradilan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ungkin ada ruang bagi
kebijaksanaan eksekutif dan yudikatif dalam menentukan kondisi kondisi yang
memberikan pilihan bagi individu, tetapi logika Syariah sebagai hukum agama
akan mencegah eliminasi pilihan individu karena ia dijamin oleh Alquran.
Walaupun dikaitkan dengan kategori-kategori hudud, jinayat, dan ta'zir yang
terpisah, namun aturan-aturan pembuktian yang sebenarnya diartikulasikan oleh
para ahli hukum awal tersebut memunculkan berbagai problem umum. diskriminasi
terhadap perempuan dan nonmuslim dibawa ke dalam hukum pembuktian dengan
menolak perempuan dan non muslim yang sesungguhnya berkompeten untuk menjadi
saksi dalam beberapa kasus atau membatasi kompetensi mereka dalam hal-hal yang
lain. bila kesaksian perempuan diterima, misalnya masih di syaratkan dua saksi
perempuan sedangkan laki-laki cukup satu orang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Al-na'im kembali menegaskan bahwa gambaran-gambaran
diskriminasi terhadap perempuan dan non muslim hanya dapat diselesaikan dengan
revisi pundamental terhadap berbagai asumsi dasar dan orientasi Syari’ah
historis. tampak jelas bahwa perumusan kembali aturan-aturan pembuktian yang
ada, dengan kompetensi kesaksian mendasarkan pada kriteria lain yang objektif
dan adil, di luar gender dan agama merupakan keharusan bagi penerapan hukum.
Islam modern secara umum dan hukum pidana khususnya karena aturan yang paling
diskriminasi diterapkan dalam wilayah hukum pidana ini. pemecahan berbagai
masalah pembuktian lain mungkin tidak melibatkan revisi fundamental Syariah
historis. Formulasi-formulasi sebelumnya dari pengaruh paksaan atas
dibolehkannya pengakuan, misalnya secara sederhana mencerminkan pandangan
pandangan para ahli hukum dan mazhab yurisprudensi tertentu yang tidak
berkaitan dengan asumsi dasar dan orientasi syariah secara keseluruhan
menyangkut status dan hak perempuan dan nonmuslim. Sekali lagi, penerapan
aturan-aturan pembuktian modern, misalnya, yang mengatur kebolehan dan bobot
pendapat saksi ahli atau bukti dokumenter dan bukti-bukti fisik, tidak sesuai
dengan prinsip umum Syariah.</span><a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PENUTUP<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kesimpulan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negara
harus berusaha mempertahankan hukum ketertiban dan keamanan dengan wewenang dan
kekuasaan untuk menjatuhkan hukum pidana yang mempengaruhi kehidupan, kebebasan
dan pemilikan individu. Dalam konteks sejarah formulasi hukum pidana islam,
patut dipertimbangkan oleh penguasa atau hakim untuk menggunakan wewenang
kebijakan demi pengembangan dan pembaharuan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hudud adalah bentuk jamak dari hadd yang menurut
bahasa berarti menahan (menghukum, mencegah, mengekang, atau melarang). Olah
karena itu, hudud merupakan peraturan yang bersifat membatasi atau mencegah,
sekaligus merupakan undan-undang dari Allah yang berkenaan dengan halal dan
haram. Menurut istilah, hudud berarti sanksi-sanksi bagi orang yang melanggar
hukum dengan dicambuk, dirajam, atau anggota badannya dipotong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">ersoalan pendekatan terhadap hukuman pidana itu
mungkin juga ditentang karena dianggap sebagai diskriminasi berdasarkan agama
menyimpang persamaan konstitusional di depan hukum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Al-na'im kembali
menegaskan bahwa gambaran-gambaran diskriminasi terhadap perempuan dan non
muslim hanya dapat diselesaikan dengan revisi pundamental terhadap berbagai
asumsi dasar dan orientasi Syariah historis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Daftar pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Izomiddin. 2018. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pemikiran dan Filsafat
Hukum Islam.</i>Jakarta: Prenada Media Group<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Muslich, Ahmad Wardi. 2005. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hukum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pidana Islam</i>. Jakarta: Sinar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Grafika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Santoso, Topo. 2003. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Membumikan
Hukum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pidana Islam</i>. Jakarta: Gema
Insani Press<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Alhafidz, Ahsin. 2013. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kamus Fiqh</i>.
Jakarta: Pena Grafika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Izomiddin,
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pemikiran dan Filsafat Hukum Islam, </i>(Jakarta:Prenada
Media Group, 2018)., h. 255</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Iibid., </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">h. 257-259</span><span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid., </i>h.263<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid., </i>h.263-271<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid.,</i> h.274<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid., </i>h.280<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn7" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ahsin
w.al hafidz, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">kamus fiqh</i>, (Jakarta:
Pena Grafika, 2013); h.75 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn8" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ibid.,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> h.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">282</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn9" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ahmad wardi muslih, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Hukum Pidana Islam</i>, (Jakarta: Sinar
Grafika, 2005); h. 81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn10" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ibid.,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> h.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">294</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn11" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Topo Santoso, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Membumikan Hukum Pidana Islam</i>, (Jakarta:
Gema Insani Press); h.38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn12" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/UserQ/Music/BAB%20ll%20FILSAFAT%20hukum%20islam%20(hakikat%20hukum%20pidana%20islam).docx#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span lang="IN"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ibid.,</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> h.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">321</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-24424751538763834942019-11-05T19:00:00.002-08:002019-11-05T19:00:20.183-08:00Pahala dan Dosa Seribu Bulan<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MAKSIAT
SERIBU BULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fathul Mu’in, MHI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Fathul Mu’in, Dosen Fakultas
Syariah UIN Raden Intan Lampung<o:p></o:p></span></em></div>
<div align="center" style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">fathulmuin@radenintan.ac.id</span></em><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ramadhan merupakan momentum yang pas untuk
saling mengingatkan dalam hal kebajikan dan kesabaran. Seluruh amal pahalanya
dilipatgandakan. Bahkan, aktivitas sunah pahalanya seperti wajib. Begitu juga
sebaliknya, jika orang melakukan maksiat di bulan Ramadan, dia melakukan dua
kesalahan sekaligus. Pertama, melanggar larangan Allah. Kedua, menodai
kehormatan Ramadan dengan maksiat yang dia kerjakan.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ini memberi pelajaran agar semakin waspada
dengan yang namanya maksiat pada Ramadan. Sebab maksiat itu akan merusak puasa.
Selain banyak keutamaan, di bulan Ramadan juga ada satu malam yang lebih baik
dari seribu bulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Sesungguhnya kami telah menurunkannya
(Alquran) pada malam kemuliaan. Dan tahukah kamu apakah malam kemuliaan itu?
Malam kemuliaan itu lebih baik dari seribu bulan. Pada malam itu turun
malaikat-malaikat dan Malaikat Jibril dengan izin Tuhannya untuk mengatur
segala urusan. Malam itu (penuh) kesejahteraan sampai terbit fajar.” (QS Al
Qadar: 1—5).</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lailatulkadar berarti malam diturunkannya
Alquran dan juga berarti satu malam pada Ramadan yang lebih baik dari seribu
bulan. Pada malam itu, seluruh malaikat turun ke bumi untuk mencatat amal baik
hingga terbit fajar. Begitu istimewanya lailatulkadar membuat umat Islam
berlomba-lomba untuk mendapatkannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Namun, baik Allah swt atau Rasulullah Muhammad
saw tidak menjelaskan secara pasti kapan lailatulkadar itu terjadi. Sebab,
malam lailatulkadar merupakan malam yang sengaja dirahasiakan oleh Allah
sebagai satu ujian kepada umat Islam dalam mencari dan meraih rahmat serta
kasih sayang-Nya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Justru bagi mereka yang benar-benar beriman
kepada Allah dan senantiasa istikamah dalam melakukan ibadah sepanjang Ramadan,
pastinya mereka tidak akan terlepas untuk menemui malam yang lebih mulia
daripada seribu bulan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap muslim pasti menginginkan malam penuh
kemuliaan, lailatulkadar. Malam ini hanya dijumpai setahun sekali. Orang yang
beribadah sepanjang tahun tentu lebih mudah mendapatkan kemuliaan malam
tersebut karena ibadahnya rutin dibanding dengan orang yang beribadah
jarang-jarang. Untuk itu, jika kita tidak tahu kapan sebenarnya lailatulkadar
itu, sebaiknya kita berlomba-lomba mengerjakan kebajikan di sisa Ramadan ini.
Seperti iktikaf di masjid, salat malam, dan tadarus Alquran. Setiap malam di
bulan Ramadan berpotensi lailatulkadar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena pelaku kebajikan mendapatkan pahala
seribu bulan, hal itu juga berlaku untuk sebaliknya. Pelaku kejahatan dan
kemaksiatan yang dilakukan pada malam lailatulkadar juga akan mendapat ganjaran
sebanyak seribu bulan. Misalnya pada malam itu mabuk-mabukan, memakai narkoba,
berzina, berjudi, korupsi, mencuri, membegal maupun perbuatan yang dilarang
lainnya. Meskipun melakukan satu kali ternyata saat itu adalah lailatulkadar,
dia dicatat sebagai pelaku maksiat sepanjang seribu bulan lamanya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saatnya
Berbakti<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Bulan Ramadhan juga
momen yang tepat untuk berbakti kepada kedua orang tua. Berbakti merupakan
kewajiban yang harus dijalankan setiap anak kepada orang tuanya. Banyak kisah
yang menjelaskan tentang keutamaan berbakti. Salah satunya adalah kisah Uwais
Al Qarni, seorang pemuda negeri Yaman yang miskin dan berpenyakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Pemuda ini selalu
merawat dan memenuhi semua permintaan ibunya yang lumpuh. Tapi ada satu permintaan
ibunya yang sulit dikabulkannya. “Anakku, mungkin ibu tidak lama lagi
bersamamu. Tolong usahakan agar ibu dapat berhaji ke Tanah Suci,” kata ibu
Uwais.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Permintaan sang ibu
membuat Uwais kaget. Sebab perjalanan ke Mekah sangat jauh, melewati padang tandus
yang panas dan naik turun. Sedangkan Ia miskin yang tidak punya unta dan harta
untuk membawa sang ibu pergi haji.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Uwais Al Qarni
kemudian mencari jalan keluar dengan membeli seekor anak lembu dan membuatkan
kandang di puncak bukit. Setiap pagi Uwais bolak-balik menggendong anak lembu
itu naik turun bukit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Tak pernah ada hari
yang terlewatkan menggendong lembu naik-turun bukit. Makin hari anak lembu itu
makin besar, dan makin besar pula tenaga yang diperlukan Uwais. Tetapi karena
latihan tiap hari, anak lembu yang membesar itu tak terasa lagi. Setelah
sekitar delapan bulan berlalu, sampailah pada musim haji. Lembu Uwais telah
mencapai 100 kilogram, begitu juga otot Uwais yang makin kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Ternyata maksud Uwais
menggendong lembu setiap hari adalah latihan untuk menggendong ibunya dari
Yaman ke Makah. Ia rela menempuh perjalanan jauh dan sulit, demi memenuhi
keinginan ibunya haji. Uwais berjalan tegap menggendong sang ibu wukuf. Ibunya
terharu dan bercucuran air mata karena telah melihat Baitullah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Di hadapan Kakbah
Uwais berdoa. “Ya Allah, ampuni semua dosa ibu,” kata Uwais dalam doanya. “Lalu
bagaimana dengan dosamu? tanya sang Ibu. Uwais menjawab, “Dengan terampuninya
dosa ibu, maka ibu akan masuk surga. Cukuplah ridha dari ibu yang akan
membawaku ke surga.” Allah kemudian memberikan karunia kepada Uwais dengan
menyembuhkan penyakit belang-belang di tubuhnya. Hanya tertinggal bulatan putih
di tahannya. Pada akhirnya, hikmah dari bulatan yang disisakan Allah di tubuh
Uwais adalah tanda untuk Umar bin Khatab dan Ali bin Abi Thalib untuk mengenali
Uwais.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Suatu ketika Uwais
pergi ke Madinah ingin bertemu Rasulullah. Namun di rumah sang Nabi Uwais tidak
bertemu dengannya melainkan bertemu Siti Aisyah. Sebab Rasulullah tengah
berperang di jalan Allah. Betapa kecewanya hati Uwais karena dari jauh datang
tetapi tidak dapat menjumpai sehinga ia memilih untuk pulang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Peperangan telah usai.
Sesampainya di rumah, Nabi menanyakan kepada Siti Aisyah, tentang orang yang
mencarinya. Nabi mengatakan bahwa Uwais anak yang taat kepada ibunya adalah
penghuni langit. Mendengar perkataan Nabi, Siti Aisyah dan para sahabat
tertegun. Nabi Muhammad melanjutkan keterangannya tentang Uwais Al Qarni,
penghuni langit itu kepada sahabat, “Kalau kalian ingin berjumpa dengan dia,
perhatikanlah ia mempunyai tanda putih di tengah telapak tangannya,”. Setelah
itu, Nabi memandang Ali dan Umar seraya berkata, “Suatu ketika apabila kalian
bertemu dengan dia, mintalah doa dan istighfarnya. Dia adalah penghuni langit,
bukan orang bumi.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Waktu terus berganti,
dan Nabi pun wafat. Kekhalifahan Abu Bakar pun telah digantikan oleh Umar bin
Khatab. Suatu ketika Khalifah Umar teringat akan sabda Nabi tentang Uwais Al
Qarni, penghuni langit. Beliau segera mengingatkan kembali sabda Nabi itu
kepada Ali bin Abi Thalib. Sejak saat itu setiap ada kafilah yang datang dari
Yaman, Umar dan Ali selalu menanyakan tentang Uwais Al Qarni.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Rombongan dari Yaman
datang ke daerah itu silih berganti, membawa barang dagangan. Suatu ketika,
Uwais Al Qarni turut bersama mereka. Rombongan kafilah itu pun tiba di kota
Madinah. Melihat ada kafilah yang baru datang dari Yaman, segera Umar dan Ali
mendatangi mereka dan menanyakan apakah Uwais Al Qarni turut bersama mereka.
Kafilah kemudian menunjukkan Uwasi kepada Umar dan Ali. Sewaktu berjabatan,
Khalifah dengan segera membalikan telapak tangan Uwais. Seperti yang pernah
dikatakan Nabi. Memang benar tampaklah tanda putih di telapak tangan Uwais Al
Qarni.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Umar dan Ali kemudian
memohon agar Uwais membacakan doa dan Istighfar untuk mereka. Uwais enggan dan
dia berkata kepada Khalifah, “Sayalah yang harus meminta doa pada kalian”.
Mendengar perkataan Uwais, khalifah berkata “Kami datang kesini untuk mohon doa
dan istighfar dari Anda”. Seperti dikatakan Rasulullah sebelum wafatnya. Karena
desakan kedua sahabat ini, Uwais Al Qarni akhirnya mengangkat tangan, berdoa
dan membacakan istighfar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Beberapa tahun
kemudian, Uwais Al Qarni wafat. Anehnya, pada saat akan dimandikan, tiba-tiba
sudah banyak orang yang berebut ingin memandikannya. Dan ketika dibawa ke
tempat pembaringan untuk dikafani, di sana pun sudah banyak orang yang sudah
menunggu untuk mengafaninya. Demikian pula ketika orang pergi hendak menggali
kuburannya, di sana ternyata sudah ramai orang-orang yang menggali kuburnya
hingga selesai. Ketika keranda dibawa ke pekuburannya, luar biasa banyaknya
orang yang berebutan untuk menusungnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Meninggalnya Uwais Al
Qarni telah menggemparkan masyarakat Yaman. Banyak terjadi peristiwa
mengherankan. Begitu banyak orang yang tak kenal berdatangan untuk mengurus
jenazah dan pemakamannya. Padahal Uwais Al Qarni adalah seorang fakir yang
tidak dihiraukan masyarakat Yaman. Penduduk Yaman tercengang dan saling
bertanya siapa sebenarnya engkau Wahai Uwais Al Qarni? Bukankah Uwais hanyalah
seorang fakir, yang tak memiliki apa-apa? Tapi, ketika hari wafatnya
menggemparkan penduduk Yaman dengan hadirnya manusia-manusia asing yang tidak
pernah dikenal sedemikian banyaknya. Tampaknya mereka adalah para malaikat yang
diturunkan ke bumi, hanya untuk mengurus jenazah dan pemakamannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Baru saat itulah
penduduk Yaman mengetahuinya, siapa sebenarnya Uwais Al Qarni. Tidak ada orang
yang mengetahui siapa sebenarnya Uwais Al Qarni disebabkan permintaan Uwais Al
Qarni kepada Khalifah Umar dan Ali agar merahasiakan tentangnya.Yang masih
punya ayah dan ibu muliakan dan bahagiakan dia. Bagai perantau, momentum
mudik tahun ini harus kita jadikan sarana untuk berbakti kepada mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-74585416438473783532019-11-05T18:59:00.002-08:002019-11-05T18:59:20.513-08:00Di Penghujung Ramadhan<br />
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PENGHUJUNG RAMADHAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">M.Abdullah
Umar, M.A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Jikalau fajar menyingsing di ufuk timur,
dilanjutkan dengan kicauan burung dengan nada teratur, seolah olah membangunkan
orang yang sedang tidur sambil mendengkur, untuk bertafakur kepada Allah yang
maha gofur, niscaya nikmat Allah takkan terukur, dengan pesawat tempur,
sekalipun dengan Alat yang paling manjur yang sering digunakan oleh Almarhum
pak Gusdur, niscaya nikmat Allah tetap takkan terukur. Allah SWT berfirman:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">وَإِذْ تَأَذَّنَ رَبُّكُمْ لَئِنْ شَكَرْتُمْ
لَأَزِيدَنَّكُمْ ۖ وَلَئِنْ كَفَرْتُمْ إِنَّ عَذَابِي لَشَدِيدٌ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dan (ingatlah juga), tatkala Tuhanmu
memaklumkan; "Sesungguhnya jika kamu bersyukur, pasti Kami akan menambah
(nikmat) kepadamu, dan jika kamu mengingkari (nikmat-Ku), maka sesungguhnya
azab-Ku sangat pedih". (Q.S. Ibrahim :7).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Maka dari itu kita harus selalu
bersyukur kepada Allah, Shalawat seiring salam tak lupa kita sanjung agungkan
kepada jujungan kita nabi besar Muhammad SAW, yeng telah merobek pintu
kegelapan menuju ke pintu yang penuh cahaya, seperti yang dapat kita rasakaan
pada saat ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masyairal muslimin Rahimakumullah..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tak
terasa Ramadhan akan meninggalkan kita, yang artinya beberapa hari lagi bulan
yang penuh berkah ini akan pergi. Bila kita lihat sekeliling kita, sudah mulai
terasa sebagian jamaah dimasjid atau musholla berkurang, pasar dan Mall menjadi
sangat ramai. Banyak rumah yang berganti cat, menandakan mereka disibukan
dengan persiapan Lebaran Idul fitri. Tentu saja orang-orang pasti bergembira
menyambut Idul Fitri, karena Id bermakna hari kegembiraan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Namun
ada nuansa kesedihan dalam kegembiraan itu, karena <span style="color: black;">bulan
yang paling berkah ini, Bulan yang pintu-pintu surga dibuka dan pintu neraka
ditutup. bulan suci yang dimana syetan dibelenggu. lalu ibadah terasa ringan
dan kaum muslimin berada dalam puncak kebaikan,Bulan ini akan segera pergi
meninggalkan kita, maka pergi pula berbagai keutamannya. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Semua keutamaan itu takkan bisa ditemui lagi ketika bulan
suci ini pergi. Ia hanya akan datang pada bulan Ramadhan setahun lagi. Padahal
tidak ada yang dapat memastikan apakah seseorang masih hidup dan sehat pada
Ramadhan yang akan datang. Maka patutlah kita merasakan kesedihan ketika
Ramadhan menjauh pergi meninggalkan kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selanjutnya kita berharap dengan Ramadhan kali ini
seluruh amal ibadah kita dan seluruh khilaf kita diampuni oleh Allah SWT,
karena pada bulan ini pintu syurga dibuka selebar-lebarnya dan pintu neraka
ditutup serapat-rapatnya. Rasul bersabda: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">إذا جاء رمضان فتحت أبواب الجنة وغلقت أبواب
النار، وصفدت الشياطين” رواه البخاري ومسلم واللفظ له</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“<i>Jika telah datang bulan
Ramadhan, pintu-pintu surga dibuka, pintu-pintu neraka ditutup, dan setan-setan
dibelenggu</i>” [Muttafaqun ‘alaihi]<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sungguh bulan yang istimewa
ini akan pergi meninggalkan kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masyairil muslim
rahimakumullah..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Masih ada waktu bagi kita sebelum Ramadhan pergi. Masih
ada kesempatan bagi kita untuk menambah amalan amalan sholih di akhir Ramadhan.
Maka hari ini dan hari kedepan, kita perbaiki sikap kita. Bulatkan tekkad kita
untuk berbuat baik seolah-olah ini pertemuan Ramadhan terakhir kita, dengan
begitu tidak ada lagi bermalas malasan dalam ibadah dibulan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila ada yang sibuk
menyiapkan kue lebaran, maka kita memenuhi makanan ruhani kita dengan
mengencangkan ikat pinggang, bersungguh-sungguh beribadah sepanjang siang,
terlebih lagi di waktu malam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila ada
yang menyiapkan banyak uang dan waktu untuk membeli pakaian baru, maka mari
kita menghabiskan waktu kita dengan pakaian taqwa. Dengan pakaian taqwa itu
kita menghadap Allah di masjid-Nya, bertaqarrub (mendekatkan diri) dalam
khusyu’nya shalat, tilawah, dzikir, dan munajat kepada Rabb yang maha Agung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Marilah kita giatkan
berangkat ke masjid, beri’tikaf. Karena di penghujung Ramadhan ini terdapat
malam yang lebih utama dari seribu bulan, yakni malam Lailatul Qadar. Allah SWT
berfirman : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">إِنَّا أَنْزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ (1) وَمَا
أَدْرَاكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ (2) لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌ مِنْ أَلْفِ شَهْرٍ
(3) تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِمْ مِنْ كُلِّ أَمْرٍ
(4) سَلَامٌ هِيَ حَتَّى مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ (5</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Sesungguhnya
Kami telah menurunkannya (Al Quran) pada Lailatul Qadr. Dan tahukah kamu apakah
Lailatul Qadr itu? Lailatul Qadr itu lebih baik dari seribu bulan. Pada malam
itu turun malaikat-malaikat dan Ar Ruh dengan izin Tuhannya untuk mengatur
urusan. Malam itu (penuh) Salaam (kebaikan) sampai terbit fajar”. (QS. Al Qadr
[97] : 1-5).</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dengan keistimewaan dan keberkahan malam
Lailatul Qadar tersebut, marilah kita bersungguh sungguh dalam mengamalkannya.
Kesempatan yang cukup langka dan jarang kita dapatkan. Saat dimana pahala
dilipat gandakan dan pintu taubat di buka selebar-lebarnya oleh Allah SWT. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masyairal
Muslimin Rahimakumullah..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal yang
terakhir, disyariatkan oleh Allah dan Rasul-Nya diakhir-akhir bulan Ramadhan
adalah mengeluarkan zakat fitrah sebagaimana dalam riwayat Bukhari Muslim dari
Abdullan bin Umar:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: right;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ – رضى الله عنهما – قَالَ فَرَضَ
رَسُولُ اللَّهِ – صلى الله عليه وسلم – زَكَاةَ الْفِطْرِ صَاعًا مِنْ تَمْرٍ ، أَوْ
صَاعًا مِنْ شَعِيرٍ عَلَى الْعَبْدِ وَالْحُرِّ ، وَالذَّكَرِ وَالأُنْثَى ، وَالصَّغِيرِ
وَالْكَبِيرِ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ ، وَأَمَرَ بِهَا أَنْ تُؤَدَّى قَبْلَ خُرُوجِ النَّاسِ
إِلَى الصَّلاَةِ</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari
Abdullah bin Umar radhiallahu ‘anhuma; beliau mengatakan, “Rasulullah
shallallahu ‘alaihi wa sallam mewajibkan zakat fitri, berupa satu sha’ kurma
kering atau gandum kering. (Kewajiban) ini berlaku bagi kaum muslimin, budak
maupun orang merdeka, laki-laki maupun wanita, anak kecil maupun orang dewasa.
Beliau memerintahkan agar ditunaikan sebelum orang-orang berangkat shalat.”
(Hr. Al-Bukhari, no. 1433; Muslim, no. 984)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Di </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Hadits
lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ibnu Abbas Radiallahu ‘anhu <i>:<em><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">”Rasulullah Sallalahu ‘Alaihi Wasallam telah
mewajibkan zakat fitrah itu sebagai penyuci bagi orang yang berpuasa dari
perbuatan sia-sia dan ucapan yang kotor dan sebagai pemberi makan orang yang
miskin …”</span></em> (</i>HR. Abu Daud, Ibnu Majah, Daraquthni dan Hakim)</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari
hadis diatas jelaslah hitungan dan beberapa hikmah dari zakat, </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bahwa </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">zakat
akan menyebabkan keberkahan dan kebaikan pada harta dan jiwa yang mana diharapkan
dapat menyuburkan sifat kebaikan yang bersemayam dalam hati nurani seseorang,
sehingga membuatnya dapat merasakan penderitaan orang lain, dan karenanya ia
terdorong untuk membantu mereka dengan penuh keikhlasan hati.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hadirin
rahimakumullah..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kita mungkin tidak bisa bersedih dan
menangis sehebat Nabi dan para sahabat karena Ramadhan meninggalkan kita, namun
selayaknya kita pun takut sebab tak ada jaminan apakah amal kita selama hari-
hari yang lalau ini diterima, begitu pula tak ada jaminan apakah kita
dipertemukan dengan Ramadhan tahun berikutnya. Marilah kita berdoa;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wahai
Rabb’i… terimalah puasa kami, shalat kami, ruku’ kami, sujud kami dan tilawah
kami. Sesungguhnya Engkau Maha Mendengar lagi Maha Mengetahui.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“Ya
Allah, jadikan sebaik-baik umurku adalah penghujungnya. Dan jadikan sebaik-baik
amalku adalah pamungkasnya. Dan jadikan sebaik-baik hari-hariku adalah hari di
mana saya berjumpa dengan-Mu Kelak.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ya Allah,
pertemukan lah kami dengan Ramadhan berikutnya agar kami dapat merasakan
kembali keberkahaan dan kemuliaan bulan yang suci ini. Dan teguhkan lah kami
dalam perbuatan baik kami meskipun Ramadhan telah usai. Amin Yarabbal Alamin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Akhiru kalam, Wassalamualaikum wr,wb..<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-5917401212025691642019-11-05T18:58:00.003-08:002019-11-05T18:58:42.601-08:00Idul Fitri dan Momen Torehkan Kebaikan<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">IDUL
FITHRI: MOMENT TOREHKAN TINTA MAS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rudy Irawan, M.S.I.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Tanggal 5 Juni 2019 Umat Islam di seluruh
Indonesia merayakan Idul Fitri 1440 H. Ada yang sudah merayakannya 4 Juni 2019
seperti di Arab Saudi dan Amerika Serikat. Perbedaan ini soal biasa saja, tidak
perlu dipersoalkan, karena pemberlakuan mathla’ internasional, memang tidak
mudah. Karena edar matahari dan bulan memag berbeda antara Indonesia dan negara
tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hadirnya Idul Fitri, menghadirkan kegembiraan karena siapa yang berhasil
berpuasa di bulan suci Ramadhan, berarti ia merayakan kemenangan, karena
kembali pada kesucian dirinya, setelah dicuci melalui lapar, haus, pantang
hubungan suami isteri, dan hal lain yang membagalkan puasa, dan disempurnakan
dengan membayar zakat, sebagai wujud ibadah sosial pada sesama yang
membutuhkan. Namun di sisi lain, kita ditinggalkan bulan penuh rahmat,
maghfirah, dan keberkahan. Bulan yang memicu dan memacu kuantitas dan kualitas
ibadah kita, karena banyak dilipatgandakan pahala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rasulullah saw mengingatkan kita “seandainya umatku mengetahui
kebaikan-kebaikan dalam bulan suci Ramadhan, sungguh mereka berharap seluruh
tahun menjadi Ramadhan”. Hadits tersebut, sangat populer. Tentu ini pesan
substantif, yang harus dimaknai dan difahami secara cerdas essensi dan
tujuannya. Karena bulan Syawal, pasti datang, dan Ramadhan pasti meninggalkan
kita. Untuk itu, spirit dan motivasi ibadah baik mahdlah maupun sosial, perl
uterus dijaga seperti kita di bulan Ramadhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Syawal secara bahasa artinya meningkat. Laksana kendaraan yang baru saja
diservice secara menyeluruh, rasanya seperti baru. Maka power dan kenyamanannya
laksana kendaraan baru. Tentu ini analog yang sangat sederhana. Keberadaan diri
kita yang dibekali oleh Allah, chip sensorik yang dalam keadaan fithri, ia
hanya ingin, angan, dan upayanya, meminjam Ibnu Sina, filosuf muslim kenamaan,
hanyalah yang baik, benar, dan indah. Ini paralel dengan term uli l-albab dalam
bahasa Al-Qur’an. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kata albab bentuk jamak (plural) dari kata lubb, artinya keinginan untuk
berbuat baik (dairatu l-ma’arif). Indikator uli l-albab di dalam al-Qur’an
disebutkan “mereka yang senantiasa berdzikir mengingat Allah, baik dalam
keadaan berdiri, duduk, dan berbaring, dan berfikir tentang berbagai penciptaan
langit dan bumi, karena tidak ada penciptaan Allah yang sia-sia” (QS. Ali
Imran: 191). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Leluhur kita mengajarkan, bahwa bersilaturrahim dan halal bihalal, semua
dirancang oleh KH Wahab Hasbullah, atas usul Bung Karno, yang melihat ada
perbedaan kecenderungan politik yang amat tajam. Tidak cukup hanya dengan
rekonsiliasi, akan tetapi bagaimana kemasan format rekonsiliasi yang lebih
bernilai, lebih menyentuh dari hati ke hati, bahwa persatuan, kesatuan, dan
mengkonstruksi bangunan persaudaraan sejati sesama anak bangsa, apapun beda
agama, pilihan politik, suku, dan budaya, adalah modal utama dari kebhinnekaan
dan kemajemukan Indonesia. Tidak ada bangsa mana pun di dunia ini, yang lebih
majemuk, bhinneka, dan pluralitas, dari Indonesia. Namun bangsa ini sejak dari
kemerdekaannya, 1945, hingga sekarang ini, masih dan akan terus tetap utuh,
sebagai Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mudik dan halal bihalal adalah kata kunci, perekat perbedaan dan
kekuatan persatuan dan kesatuan Indonesia. Meskipun seakan hanya setahun sekali
rekatan silaturrahim itu, akan tetapi makna san implikasi positifnya luarbiasa.
Mudik bukan hanya pengalihan sektor ekonomi, akan tetapi inilah cerminan
keberagamaan setiap orang yang berkiprah di luar daerahnya, mewajibkan diri
untuk mudik dan bersilaturrahim. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Di
tengah suasana implikasi politik pasca pilpres, yang hasilnya diumumkan di
bulan Ramadhan, juga tersejukkan oleh suasana Ramadhan, meskipun masih
menyisakan peristiwa 21-22/5/2019 yang dicatat sejarah, sebagai peristiwa yang
menguras keprihatinan dan juga mengiris rasa kemanusiaan kita. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Torehkan Tinta Mas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Perjalanan hidup kita ini, sepenuhnya diserahkan oleh Allah pada kita,
apakah mau dihiasi dengan nilai raport merah atau hitam, atau bahkan dengan
tinta mas. Allah mengaruniai kita hati (qalbu). Qalbu artinya bergerak-gerak.
Kendali hati dengan iman dan pemupukannya melalui amal shalih dan jalankan
islam (syariah), akan lahirkan ihsan. Ihsan arti bahasanya berbuat baik, dalam
terminologi, adalah apabila kita beribadah kepada Allah, yakinlah kita
melihat-Nya, atau jika tidak mampu, maka yakinlah kita bahwa Allah senantiasa
melihat kita (Riwayat al-Bukhari). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Untuk kita renungkan secara seksama, pesan Rasulullah saw “barangsiapa
yang hari ini lebih baik dari hari kemarin, maka dialah orang yang beruntung.
Barangsiapa yang hari ini sama dengan hari kemarin, maka dialah orang yang
merugi. Berangsiapa yang hari ini lebih buruk dari hari kemarin, maka dialah
orang yang tertipu”. (Riwayat al-Hakim). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Bagi Anda yang mudik jaraknya sangat jauh, dan kita semua yang mudik,
jangan lupa ziarahi orang tua, baik yang masih hidup atau yang sudah di alam
kubur, agar hatimu jadi lembut, ingat akhirat, dan ingat kematian. Dari
sinilah, kita bertekad untuk menorehkan tinta mas perjalanan hidup kita. Semoga
kita selama satu tahjn ke depan denantiasa dalam kebaikan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ja’alana Allah wa iyyaakum min al-‘aidin wa l-faizin, taqabbala Allah
minnaa wa minkum taqabbal yaa kariim. Semoga Allah menjadikan kita kembali pada
kesucian, yang berbahagia, semoga Allah menerima ibadah kita semua wahai Dzat
Yang Maha Mulia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-61932409300223860232019-11-05T18:57:00.002-08:002019-11-05T18:57:52.744-08:00Puasa Tentang Kejujuran dan Kedisiplinan<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">PUASA,
KEJUJURAN, DAN KEDISIPLINAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Rudy Irawan, M.S.I.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Puasa secara bahasa al-imsak artinya menahan diri. Para Ulama
mendefinisikan, puasa adalah menahan diri dari makan, minum, hubungan suami
isteri, dan hal lain yang membatalkan puasa dari fajar shadiq hingga terbenam
matahari. Kira-kira 14 jam untuk kaum Muslim di daerah tropis. Ada saudara kita
yang puasanya sampai 19 jam. Namun karena ibadah puasa ini merupakan ibadah
yang menguji kejujuran, maka rintangan, cobaan, dan godaan apapun, semua akan
berlalu saja, dan tidak berpengaruh pada pelakunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kejujuran ini adalah inti dari keimanan seorang hamba kepada Allah.
Dalam bahasa Rasulullah saw, “laa imaana li man laa amaanata lahu” artinya
“tidaklah ada iman (bagi seseorang) yang tidak bisa dipercaya baginya”. Orang
yang berpuasa ia akan selalu dalam kesadaran penuh untuk menahan diri dari
makan, minum, hubungan suami istri, dan hal-hal lain yang dapat membatalkan
puasanya. Sebagai pekerja kantor, apalagi pejabat, yang dalam ruangan ia
sendirian, ber-AC, di kulkas tersedia teh, kopi, susu, dan makanan lainnya, tak
ada CCTV, ia merasa nyaman dengan puasanya, tidak tergoda untuk mengambilnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Kata Fakhrur Rozi (2019), “ada orang yang gagah, pejabat, yang dengan “bangganya”,
makan, minum, merokok, dan lain sebagainya”. Kala ditanya, “mengapa Anda tidak
berpuasa, bahkan merokok, makan, dan minum”? Dengan enaknya ia menjawab : “Hati
saya puasa, tetapi jasmani saya tidak mampu. Karena itu, saya merokok, makan
dan minum”. Bahkan ia mengatakan, “fikiran Anda belum nyampai (nyandak)”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ketika
ditanya dengan nada agak marah, bahkan “ditempeleng” balik bertanya, “kenapa
Anda menempeleng saya”, dijawab: “Saya niatnya mengelus pipi Anda, berarti ilmu
Anda belum sampai untuk memahami antara niat dan tindakan saya untuk
mengingatkan Anda”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sejatinya puasa memang menguji kejujuran dan keikhlasan. Banyak orang
yang pekerjaan sehari-harinya sangat berat, seperti tukang becak, pekerja kasar
di jalanan dengan sengatan matahari, namun mereka tetap berpuasa. Sementara
banyak orang yang bekerja di ruangan sejuk, ber-AC, namun gagal berpuasa.
Rasulullah saw menyebut bahwa “puasa itu adalah benteng”. Artinya orang yang
menjalankan ibadah puasa dengan dasar keimanan dan muhasabah (introspeksi
diri), maka Allah mengampuni dosa-dosanya selama satu tahun yang lewat.
(Riwayat al-Bukhari). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Puasa mendidik kita berdisiplin dalam segala hal. Disiplin untuk tidak
menyentuh yang halal sekalipun, kala belum waktunya tiba. Semua makanan sudah
tersedia, bahkan istri cantik, di saat-saat bulan madu misalnya, semua akan
dibiarkan berlalu, karena memang belum waktunya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Saudaraku, seandainya, kita semua, seluruh penduduk negeri ini, dapat
menjalankan ibadah puasa dan mengimplementasikan makna dan pesan puasa, menjadi
orang-orang yang menjunjung tinggi kejujuran dan kedisiplinan, boleh jadi
negeri kita ini sudah menjadi negara yang hebat dan disegani dunia. Pasti tidak
akan ada korupsi, tidak ada nepotisme, tidak ada operasi tangkap tangan (OTT),
karena mereka akan bekerja on the track atau berada di jalan yang benar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Puasa menyuratkan pesan yang sangat indah dan mulia. Yakni mendidik
sifat, sikap, dan perilaku jujur dan disiplin pada seluruh rakyat, yang rasanya
di negeri ini masih sangat kurang, untuk tidak mengatakan tidak ada sama
sekali. Karena itu, kita semua berharap, agar melalui ibadah puasa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ini, yang di dalamnya terdapat malam lailatul
qadar, yang lebih utama dari seribu bulan, kita mampu meningkatkan sifat,
sikap, dan prilaku yang jujur dan disiplin dalam segala hal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Semoga Allah memberkahi niat dan usaha kita bersama. Selain itu, mari
kita ciptakan budaya jujur dan disiplin. Kebiasaan yang baik, karena
diulang-ulang terus, maka akan menjadi habit, reflek, yang tidak lagi memerlukan
kerja otak kita. Ini manfaat penting dari pelaksanaan ibadah puasa dalam
membangun kejujuran dan kedisiplinan diri, agar hidup kita menjadi lebih sukses
dan bermanfaat bagi masyarakat,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sehingga
kita layak menjadi manusia terbaik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allah a’lam bi sh-shawab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-75795944298259891172019-11-05T18:56:00.003-08:002019-11-05T18:56:55.005-08:00Hikmah dan Filsafat Puasa<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">MEMAKNAI HIKMAH (FILOSOFI)
PUASA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Rudy Irawan, M.S.I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">(*Dosen UIN raden Intan Lampung, Wakil Ketua PCNU
bandarlampung, Sekretaris Komisi Seni Budaya Islam MUI lampung)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allahumma baarik lanaa fii
Sya’baana waballighnaa Ramadlaana fii shihhatin wa salaamatin wa buluughi
l-maraam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ya Allah berkahilah kami di
bulan Sya'ban dan sampaikanlah umur kami di bulan Ramadlan dalam keadaan sehat
afiat, sejahtera, dan asa dan cita kami tercapai atas kasih sayang-Mu wahai
Dzat yang Maha Penyayang dari Yang Penyayang. Mari kita syukuri anugrah Allah yang
tak terhingga. Hanya karena kasih sayang-Nya kita sehat afiat. Shalawat dan
salam mari kita senandungkan untuk Rasulullah Muhammad saw, keluarga, sahabat,
dan para pengikut beliau yang setia meneladani beliau. Semoga semua urusan kita
dimudahkan oleh Allah dan kelak kita mendapat syafaat beliau. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alhamdulillah, hari ini
senin 6/05/2019 kita mengawali 1 Ramadlan 1440 H. Sulthan al-Ulama al-‘Izz bin
Abd as-Salam, ‘Izz al-Din ‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin ‘Abd as-Salam as-Sulamy (w.660 H)
menulis buku judulnya Maqashid ash-Shaum. Karya ini baru ditahqiq oleh Dr Iyad
Khalid ath-Thabba’, diterbitkan oleh Dar al-Dikr Beirut Libanon dan Damasyqus
Syria, cet pertama 1992 M/1413 H, dan edisi kedua 1995. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kitab ini disusun indah dan
langka (nafisah nadirah) menggambarkan maqashid atau tujuan puasa,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam 10 (sepuluh) pasal, tentang 1).
Wajibnya; 2). Keutamaannya; 3). Adab atau tata kramanya; 4). Apa yang harus
dijauhinya; 5). Usaha menggapai Lailatu l-Qadar; 6). I’tikaf; 7). Puasa Sunnah
(Tathawwu’); dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>8). Hari-hari dilarang
puasa. (Yang dua tidak disebutkan). <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Pasal 1: Wajibnya Puasa.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Allah ta’ala berfirman </span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">yang artinya;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “Hai
orang-orang yang beriman, diwajibkan kamu sekalian berpuasa, seperti diwajibkan
pada orang-orang sebelum kamu, agar kamu sekalian menjadi orang yang bertaqwa”
(QS. Al-Baqarah: 183). <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Makna agar kamu takut kepada neraka
dengan berpuasa. Karena puasa merupakan sebab diampuni ya dosa-dosa yang
“mewajibkan” seseorang ke neraka. Dalam kitab Shahih al-Bukhary dan Muslim,
bahwa Nabi saw bersabda : “Islam dibangun atas lima: atas agar kamu menyembah
(beribadah) kepada Allah dan kufur kepad lainnya, mengerjakan shalat,
menunaikan zakat, haji di Baitullah, dan puasa Ramadhan” (Riwayat Muslim,
16,20).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hanya orang-orang yang beriman yang
disapa oleh Allah untuk menjalankan ibadah puasa. Karena orang yang tidak
beriman tidak diwajibkan berpuasa. Karena tentu aneh jika orang tidak beriman,
menjalankan puasa. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Pasal 2: Keutamaan Puasa. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ada beberapa faedah puasa: menaikkan
derajat, melebur berbagai kekeliruan (kesalahan), memecah syahwat, memperbanyak
sadaqah, memenuhi ketaatan, menyukuri Dzat Yang Mengetahui hal-hal yang samar,
menjauhi dari larangan-larangan maksiyat dan persengketaan.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Menaikkan derajat, berdasar sabda
Rasulullah saw., </span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">yang
artinya; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Apabila datang bulan Ramadlan, dibukalah
pintu-pintu surga, dikunci pintu-pintu neraka, dan dibelenggu
syaithan-syaithan” (Dikeluarkan oleh Al-Bukhary 1899 bab Puasa, dan Muslim 1709
dalam Awal Puasa riwayat dari Abu Hurairah).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasulullah saw juga bersabda, disebut sebagai
hikayah dari Tuhannya ‘Azza wa Jalla (ini disebut hadits Qudsy); </span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">yang artinya<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “Setiap
amalan anak cucu Adam as adalah untuknya. Kecuali puasa. Karena puasa itu untuk
Aku (Allah). Dan Aku akan membalasnya. Puasa adalah perisai (sesuatu yang
menjaga pemiliknya dari penyakit yang menyakitkan). Maka apabila pada hari
kalian berpuasa, maka janganlah rafats (berkata kotor) pada hari itu, dan juga
jangan gunakan kata (yang menyakiti), maka apabila salah seorang mencaci atau
memeranginya, maka katakan: aku adalah orang yang puasa, aku berpuasa. Demi
Dzat yang jiwa Muhammad ada dalam kekuasaan-Nya, sungguh aroma mulut orang yang
berpuasa itu lebih wangi di sisi Allah di hari kiamat dari aroma misik. Dan
bagi orang yang berpuasa, ada dua kegembiraan yang akan dinikmatinya: ketika
berbuka, bergembira dengan berbukanya, dan ketika berjumpa Tuhannya, bergembira
dengan puasanya” (dikeluarkan oleh al-Bukhari).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasulullah saw juga bersabda; </span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">yang artinya<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “Setiap
amalan anak cucu Adam as dilipatgandakan kebaikan sepuluh kali misal hingga
tujuh ratus kali lipat. Allah berfirman “kecuali puasa, maka sesungguhnya puasa
itu untuk Aku dan Aku akan membalasnya, mengajak syahwatnya dan makanannya dari
Aku”(dikeluarkan Muslim).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasulullah saw juga bersabda; </span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">yang artinya:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “Sesungguhnya
di dalam surga ada pintu, disebut Rayyan, orang-orang yang puasa akan
memasukinya di hari kiamat, tidak ada yang lain masuk. Dikatakan: “mana
orang-orang yang berpuasa? Maka mereka memasukinya, ketika orang yang terakhir
masuk, maka dikunci dan tidak ada orang lain yang masuk” (Dikeluarkan oleh
al-Bukhari). <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adapun maksud “terbukanya pintu-pintu
surga” adalah ungkapan dari memperbanyak ketaatan yang “mewajibkan” pada
dibukanya pintu-pintu surga. Dan dikuncinya pintu-pintu neraka, adalah ungkapan
dari sedikitnya maksiyat yang mewajibkan dikuncinya pintu-pintu neraka. Dan
dibelenggunya syaithan-syaithan, adalah ungkapan dari terputusnya godaan
syaithan pada orang-orang yang berpuasa, karena mereka tidak ingin atau rakus
mengikuti ajakan syaithan untuk bermaksiyat.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tentang kedua kegembiraan, pertama. Karena
pertolongan-Nya untuk dapat menyempurnakan ibadah. Dan kedua, adalah karena
balasan Allah pada saat Ia (Allah) membalasnya.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adapun pemberian kekhususan masuknya
orang yang berpuasa melalui pintu surga khusus, ar-Rayyan, mereka ini
diistimewakan oleh Allah dengan pintu tersebut, karena keistimewaan ibadah
mereka dan kemuliaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Para malaikat membawa rahmat dan kasih
sayang Allah pada orang yang berpuasa. Ketika mereka meninggalkan makan dan
menghadirkan hati dan fikiran mereka, maka Allah mengabulkan doa mereka.
Shalawat mereka adalah doa mereka untuk dibalas kasih sayang dan pengampunan.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tentang peleburan dosa orang-orang yang
berbuat kekeliruan dan kesalahan, Rasulullah saw bersabda; </span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">yang artinya:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “Ramadlan
ke Ramadlan adalah melebur atau menghapus dosa-dosa di antara keduanya apabila
engkau menjauhi dosa-dosa besar” (dikeluarkan Ahmad dan Muslim).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Akan halnya “kasru sy-syahawat”
sesungguhnya lapar, haus, keduanya memecah syahwat untuk melakukan maksiyat.
Karena itu Rasulullah saw menegaskan “Wahai kaum muda barangsiapa mampu menikah
maka segera menikahlan, karena sesungguhnya menikah adalah menutupi pandangan
mata, menjaga farji, dan barangsiapa tidak mampu maka hendaklah berpuasa,
karena puasa itu benteng” (Riwayat Ahmad, al-Bukhari, dan Muslim).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Rasulullah saw mengingatkan; </span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">yang artinya:<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> “Sesungguhnya
syaithan itu berjalan di tempat jalannya darah, maka sempitkanlah jalannya
dengan berpuasa (lapar)” (dikeluarkan al-Bukhary, Muslim, Abu Dawud, dan Ibnu
Majah).<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Adapun “memperbanyak sadaqah”
sesungguhnya orang yang berpuasa ketika lapar ia akan ingat apa yang
dimilikinya ketika lapar, dengan demikian akan memotivasinya untuk memberi
makan pada orang yang lapar.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Menurut Syeikh al-‘Izz
Abdussalam, sampai kepada kami, bahwa Nabi Sulaiman as, Nabi Yusuf as, tidak
makan kecuali semua orang yang bergantung pada beliau sudah makan. Maka ketika
ditanya tentang yang demikian, beliau menjawab : “Aku takut diriku kenyang
sementara aku melupakan orang yang lapar”.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beliau Syeikh Izzuddin bin Abdissalam
menjelaskan pula, mensyukuri kepada Dzat Yang Maha Mengetahui hal-hal yang
samar, ketika seseorang berpuasa, maka ia akan mengenali nikmat Allah padanya,
dalam keadaan kenyang atau lapar dan haus, maka untuk itu ia mensyukurinya.
Karena berbagai kenikmatan itu tidak bisa diketahuinya kecuali dengan sepi
(atau tidak adanya) kenikmatan tersebut. Ini sama dengan orang yang sehat
sering tidak mengetahui nikmatnya sehat, sebelum sehat itu hilang dari dirinya,
berganti dengan sakit. Sebagaimana ungkapan: "Sehat itu adalah mahkota tidak
mengetahuinya (nikmat sehat) kecuali orabg yang sakit".<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Karena itu syukurilah dengan
berbuat kebajikan, selagi kita sehat semaksimal mungkin.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Puasa juga bermakna menjauhi dari
larangan-larangan maksiyat dan perselisihan, sesunggunya nafsu ketika ia
kenyang maka akan cenderung kepada maksiyat, dan bergegas kepada berbagai
makanan dan minuman. Dan keinginan jiwa kepada munajat dan kesibukannya lebih
baik dari pada kebergegasannya kepada maksiyat dan hal-hal yang
menggelincirkannya. Oleh karena itu, sebagian Ulama salaf mendahulukan ibadah
puasa atas ibadah yang lainnya. Maka ketika ditanya tentang hal demikian, maka
ia berkata: “Agar Allah “muncul” atau hadir dalam diriku, yaitu melarangku
makan dan minum, lebih dicintai dari pada Ia muncul pada makanan, yakni
menentangku pada maksiyat pada-Nya ketika aku kenyang.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Puasa juga memiliki banyak faedah
lainnya, seperti hati yang sehat, badan yang bugar, sebagaimana hadits
“berpuasalah, maka kamu akan sehat” (Ibnu s-Siny, Abu Na’im, dari Abu Hurairah
ra).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Termasuk kemuliaan puasa,
adalah apabila kita menyediakan takjil pada orang yang berpuasa: “Barang siapa
memberi takjil (makanan dan minuman) untuk berbuka pada orang yang berpuasa,
maka baginya (pahala) sepadan pahalanya (orang yang berpuasa). Rasulullah saw
bersabda: “Barang siapa memberi takjil (makanan dan minuman) untuk berbuka pada
orang yang berpuasa, maka baginya (pahala) sepadan pahalanya (orang yang
berpuasa), tanpa mengurangi pahala orang yang berpuasa sama sekali” (Riwayat
Ahmad dalam al-Musnad, at-Tirmidzi dalam bab Puasa, dan Ibnu Majah dalam bab
Puasa). Rasulullah saw juga bersabda: “Maka barangsiapa memberi makanan pada 36
orang yang berpuasa setiap tahun, maka seakan-akan ia puasa satu tahun (karena
kebaikan dilipatgandakan pahalanya sepuluh kali). Dan barang siapa memperbanyak
memberi takjil atau makan dan minum orang-orang yang berpuasa atas dasar niat
ini, Allah mencatat baginya puasa berabad-abad dan bertahun-tahun”. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dan termasuk kemuliaan puasa adalah
bahwa orang yang menjalankan (berpuasa) karena iman dan muhasabah, diampuninya
dosa yang lalu. Rasulullah saw bersabda: “Barangsiapa menegakkan puasa
aramadha. Karena iman dan introspeksi diri diampuni dosanya yang terdahulu”
(Dikeluarkan oleh Muslim dan al-Bukhary).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Pasal 3: Adab atau Tata Krama
Puasa.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Masih menurut Syeikh Izzuddin bun
Abdisaalam, adab atau tata krama berpuasa ada enam: <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">1) Memelihara lisan dan anggota
badan dari perselisihan. Rasulullah saw bersabda: “Barangsiapa tidak
meninggalkan ucapan-ucapan dusta dan melakukannya, maka tidaklah ada bagi Allah
kebutuhan untuk meninggalkan makan dan minumnya” (al-Bukhary 1903 bab Puasa).
Artinya, puasanya sia-sia belaka. Sebagaimana Rasulullah saw bersabda : <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Banyak orang yang menegakkannya (puasa) tapi
bagiannya dari menegakkannya adalah bangun malam (begadang), dan banyak orang
yang berpuasa, tapi bagian dari puasanya adalah lapar dan haus” (Riwayat Ahmad
dalam al-Musnad: 2/373, ad-Darimi 2720). <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">2) Apabila seseorang diundang
pada jamuan makan, dan dia berpuasa, maka katakanlah : “saya puasa”, sabda
Rasulullah saw : <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Apabila seseorang dari
kalian diundag pada jamuan makan, dan ia berpuasa, maka katakanlah :
“Sesungguhnya aku puasa”. (Riwayat Muslim).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ia menyebutkan demikian sebagai udzur
atau alasan pada orang yang mengundang, agar tidak terluka hatinya. Maka
apabila khawatir disebut riya’, sebutkankah alasan (udzur) lainnya, agar orang
yang mengundang juga memahaminya.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">3) Apa yang ia katakan ketika
berbuka, yaitu apa yang diriwayatkan dari Nabi saw bahwa beliau bersabda ketika
berbuka: “Hilanglah haus dan hilanglah keringat dan tetap dapat pahala, jika
Allah menghendakinya” (Riwayat Abu Dawud). <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diriwayatkan juga bahwa beliau bersabda:
“Ya Allah pada-Mu aku berpuasa, atas rizqi-Mu saya berbuka” (Dikeluarkan oleh
Abdullah ibn al-Mubarak dan Abu Dawud).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Dalam hadits lain beliau
bersabda: “Segala puji bagi Allah yang telah menolongku, maka aku berpuasa, dan
memberi aku rizqi, maka aku berbuka” (Ibnu s-Siny).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">4) Apa yang dikonsumsi saat
berbuka, yaitu kurma basah (ruthab), kurma kering, atau air, karena
diriwayatkan dari beliau saw berbuka sebelum shalat atas kurma basah. Jika
tidak ada maka dengan kurma kering, dan jika tidak ada yang dirasakan, maka
dengan meneguk air” (Riwayat Ahmad, Abu Dawud, dan at-Tirmidzi). <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Beliau bersabda : “Jika salah seorang
kalian berpuasa, maka berbukalah dengan kurma, jika tidak menemukannya, maka
dengan air, karena sesungguhnya air itu adalah suci” (Abu Dawud, 2355,
at-Tirmidzi 695). <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">5) Menyegerakan berbuka. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rasulullah saw bersabda, bahwa Allah
‘Azza wa Jalla berfirman : “Hambaku yang paling Aku cintai adalah yang
menyegerakan dalam berbuka” (Riwayat Ahmad, at-Tirmidzi).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Rasulullah saw bersabda :
“Tidak henti-hentinya agama akan nampak, selagi manusia menyegerakan berbuka,
karena orang-orang Yahudi dan Nashrani mengakhirkannya” (Riwayat Ahmad dan Abu
Dawud). <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘Amr bjn Maimun mengatakan,
“Sahabat Muhammad saw adalah yang paling menyegerakan berbuka dan melambatkan
sahur” (Riwayat al-Baihaqi dan ath-Thabrani). <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Sesungguhnya, diakhirkannya
sahur asalah bertujuan agar lebih kuat dalam berpuasa, agar puasa itu
membebaninya, dan melemahkan banyak hal ketaatan kepada-Nya. Sahurnya
Rasulullah saw dan shalatnya adalah sekadar membaca 50 ayat (Riwayat
al-Bukhari). <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Akan halnya menyegerakan
berbuka, karena lapar dan haus dapat menimbulkan madlarat. Maka tidak ada jalan
untuk memperpanjang nafas untuk itu, juga tidak ada pendekatan itu.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Diriwayatkan sebagian orang
penganut salaf<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>makan di pasar, maka
dikatakan kepadanya dalam hal demikian, maka ia mengatakan : Artinya :
“Menundanya orang yang kaya (mampu) adalah aniaya” (Riwayat al-Bukhari dan
Muslim).<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">6) Mengakhirkan sahur. Rasulullah
saw : “Bersahurlah, karena dalam sahur itu ada keberkahan” (Riwayat
al-Bukhari). <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Terkadang ada orang yang merasa enggan
untuk bangun dan makan sahur karena merasa dirinya kuat. Padahal dalam sahur
ada banyak keberkahan. Rasulullah saw bersabda : “Tidak henti-hentinya manusia
dalam kebaikan, selama ia menyegerakan berbuka” (Riwayat al-Bukhari). <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selamat menjalankan ibadah puasa. Semoga
dengan kita memahami tatacara berpuasa yang benar, seperti yang dicontohkan
Rasulullah saw, insyaa Allah kita menjadi lebih yakin, khusyu’, dan ikhlas
dengan dasar keimanan dan muhasabah, maka kita akan merasakan kenikmatan di
dalam berpuasa, meskipun secara fisik jasmani, kita pasti merasakan lapar dan
haus.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Semoga hati kita dibukakan oleh Allah
Azza wa Jalla,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan mampu merasakan
nikmatnya berpuasa dan menikmati lezatnya iman kepada Allah. Inilah momentum
untuk meraih rahmat, ampunan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
keberkahan dari Allah Rabbul 'Izzah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Semoga kita juga mampu mempuasakan indra
kita, syukur hati dan fikiran kita juga mampu kita puasakan juga. Kita semua
berharap mendapatkan kebahagiaan saat berbuka, dan yang sungguh kita harapkan
adalah saat kita bisa sowan dan berjumpa langsung dengan Allah. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Allah a’lam bi sh-shawab.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-54674815195756969622019-11-05T18:56:00.000-08:002019-11-05T18:56:01.649-08:00Puasa dan Kesehatan<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">YUK PUASA AGAR SEHAT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Rohmi Yuhani’ah, M.Pd.I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Dosen Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Pengasuh Lembaga al-Faruq<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebagaimana sabda Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw., </i>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Berpuasalah, Maka kamu akan sehat”</i>. Rasulullah mengajari kepada
kita, cara hidup sehat. Sehat secara jasmani dan secara ruhani, jika
dianalogikan bahwa tubuh kita ibarat mesin yang setiap hari digunakan untuk
bekerja, yang tidak mengenal siang tidak mengenal malam terkadang tidak
terkendalikan, maka ketika berpuasa, sesungguhnya mesin tersebut sedang
berhenti sejenak untuk beristirahat yang kemudian bekerja lagi. Mesin yang
dipake setiap saat, pastilah akan panas, letih, capek dan tentunya membutuhkan
istirahat. Begitu juga pada tubuh kita yang digunakan setiap saat, maka ketika
berpuasa sesungguhnya ia sedang beristirahat dengan cara tidak makan dan tidak
minum sejenak, untuk beristirahat. Mesin yang tadinya panas akan menjadi dingin
dan akan dapat bekerja lebih maksimal kembali, inilah gambaran sehat jasmanai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sehat ruhini yaitu, dengan kita
berpuasa sesungguhnya nafsu kita lebih terjaga dan terkendalikan, karena
sesungguhnya syaithan juga dikutuk dan diikat dengan rantai yang sangat kuat,
yang kekuatan itu sesungguhnya adalah kekuatan pada niat dan kemauan kita,
keinginan rakus kita menjadi tertahan dan terkendalikan, sehingga lebih mudah
untuk mendekatkan diri kepada sang Khaliq, pikiran kita menjadi jernih, dan
hati kita menjadi suci. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Ibadah puasa juga tanpa kita sadari, telah membangun dua dimensi, yaitu
dimensi vertikah (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hablu minallah) </i>dan
hubungan horizontal (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hablu minannas)</i>.
Selain hubungan vertikal kita kepada Allah dapat terjaga dengan baik, hubungan
horizontal kita kepada sesame manusia juga tercapai, yaitu dengan kita
berpuasa, sesunggunya di saat itu kita dapat merasakan bagaimana kehidupan
orang yang serba kekurangan, fakir dan miskin yang selalu merasakan kelaparan
disetiap saat dan waktu, tiada henti-hentinya suara perut berkata bahwa aku
membutuhkan makanan, bahkan sering kali terasa sakit karena organ tubuh tidak
dapat bekerja dengan baik, karena makannya tidak teratur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maka sesungguhnya ketika kita
berpuasa, tenaga kita menjadi lemah, syahwat kita menjadi terkendalikan, karena
pada saat itu kita harus berlatih untuk menjaga pandangan yang tidak sedap,
yaitu perkara yang dilarang oleh agama, telinga kita akan senantiasa terjaga
dari pendengaran-pendengaran yang tidak nyaman didengar, yaitu suara yang akan
mendatangkan kemudharatan atau kemaksiatan, mulut kita akan senantiasa terjaga
dari pembicaraan yang tidak bermanfaat, karena ketika kita akan bertutur yang
tidak baik, kita selalu sadar bahwa kita sedang berpuasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Puasa sejatinya menguji, melatih,
membina tubuh kita dengan cara-cara yang dianjurkan dalam agama, yaitu
cara-cara yang sehat, dan melatih kita untuk hidup disiplin bahkan dikatan
dalam sebuah hadis rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw.,
“Bersahurlah, sesungguhnya di saat kita bersahur terdapat keberkahan”</i>
berkah adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ziyadatu al-khair, </i>yaitu
bertambahnya kebaikan. Maka pada saat itupun dianjurkan kepada kita untuk
mengkonsumsi makanan yang akan memberikan kekuatan kepada kita selama dari
terbitnya fajar, samapai pada terbenamnya matahari. Begitu juga Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw.,</i> mengajari kepada kita agar
menyegerakan untuk berbuka dengan dianjurkannya meminum atau memakan yang
manis, agar kekuatan tubuh kita pulih kembali dan hadirnya kekuatan yang selama
satu hari penuh menjalani puasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maka daripada itu, puasa membutuhkan
kemauan yang kuat, niat yang ikhlas, serta persiapan yang mantap, karena puasa
adalah salah satu ibadah yang hanya kita yang dapat mengerti hakikat puasa kita
dan Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt., </i>yang Maha Mengetahui
segala yang dhahir dan yang batin. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wallahua’lam.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></i>
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<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-14070690666345325622019-11-05T18:55:00.002-08:002019-11-05T18:55:30.944-08:00HUKUM QADHA DAN FIDYAH BAGI WANITA HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">HUKUM QADHA DAN FIDYAH BAGI
WANITA HAMIL DAN MENYUSUI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Rohmi Yuhani’ah, M.Pd.I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Puasa adalah rukum Islam yang
keempat, yang merupakan kewajiban bagi setiap mukallaf, yang merupakan tujuan
mulia yaitu tergapainya derajat ketaqwaan kepada Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt., </i>sebuah ujian serta latihan bagi anak manusia untuk dapat merasakan
suatu hal yang dirasakan oleh para fuqara dan masakin, agar selalu bersyukur
kepada-Nya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Selain Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">subhanallahu Wata’ala</i> memerintahkan puasa juga memberikan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">rukhsah</i> bagi orang yang sakit dan safar
(bepergian di jalan Allah), karena dua hal ini merupakan hal yang tidak dapat
dihindari oleh setiap manusia. Sebagaimana firman Allah “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">apabila diantara kamu mengalami sakit atau dalam perjalanan, maka dapat
menggantinya dihari yang lain”. </i>Lantas bagaimana hukumnya bagi seseorang
yang sedang hamil dan menyususi lantas tidak berpuasa?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berkaiatan dengan seseorang yang
sedang hamil dan menyusui kemudian tidak berpuasa, ada beberpa pendapat menurut
ulama’ yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Menurut Ibnu Hazm, bagi wanita hamil dan menyusui yang
tidak puasa tidak perlu mengqadha dan tidak membayar fidyah. Pendapat ini
beralasan bahwa hukum asalnya seseorang adalah terlepas dari kewajiban.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Menurut Imam Syafi’i, Imam Maliki dan Imam Hanbali,
bahwa orang yang tidak berpuasa karena hamil dan menyusuhi haruslah mengqadha
(mengganti) puasa dengan membayar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fidyah</i>.
Karena orang yang hamil dan menyusui serupa dengan orang sakit dan orang yang
terbebani dalam melakukan puasa, maka wajib mengqadha dan membayar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fidyah</i>. Namun jika alasannya karena
khawatir<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap kondisi dirinya dan
(janin) anaknya, maka haruslah mengqadha saja, alasannya adalah bahwa wanita
hamil dan menyusui dianalogikan pada orang yang sedang sakit. Namun jika
dikhawatirkan terjadi yang tidak baik pada anak, maka harus mengqadha dan
membayar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fidyah</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Menurut Al-Auza’i, al-Tsauri, Abu hanifah, Abu Tsaur
dan Abu ‘Ubaid, boleh hanya mengqadha saja bagi wanita hamil dan menyusui yang
tidak berpuasa sebagai penggantinya. Karena dianalogikan dengan orang sakit,
yang tubuhnya lemah dan tidak mampu berpuasa, maka hanya cukup dengan mengqadha
tanpa membayar fidyah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Menurut Ibnu Abbas, Ibnu Umar, Ishaq dan Syaikh
al-Bani, bahwa orang yang tidak puasa karena hamil dan menyusui boleh dengan
memberi fidyah. Mereka menganalogikan bahwa orang yang hamil dan menyusui
seperti orang tua renta yang tidak mampu berpuasa, maka wajib membayar fidyah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Menurut Imam Malik dan Syafi’iyah, maka harus
mengqadha bagi yang hamil tidak puasa dan membayar fidyah bagi menyusui.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 45.8pt;">
<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Namun jika seorang
yang hamil karena takut janinnya menjadi lemah atau seorang yang menyusui
kemudian khawatir karena asupan asi pada anaknya menjadi berkurang lantaran
tidak minum asi, maka hal ini tidaklah diperselisihkan, sebagaimana sabda
Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw.,</i> “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sesungguhnya Allah swt., meringankan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setegah shalat untuk musafir dan meringankan
puasa bagi musafir, wanita hamil dan menyusui”.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Adapun berkaitan
dengan orang yang sudah tua renta baik laki-laki maupun perempuan karena
usianya yang kemudian tidak mampu lagi berpuasa, maka wajib baginya membayar
fidyah, karena tidak mungkin akan terbayar jika diqadha. Hal ini sebagaimana
firman Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt.,</i> “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Dan wajib bagi orang yang berat
menjalankannya (jika mereka tidak puasa) memberi makan seorang miskin” </i>(QS.
al-Baqarah: 184). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wallahu ‘A’lam.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-43716762620094040672019-11-05T18:54:00.004-08:002019-11-05T18:54:57.978-08:00Tanda tanda dan Keistimewaan Malam Lailatul Qodar<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">TANDA-TANDA
DAN KEISTIMEWAAN MALAM LAILATUL QODAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dr.
Sunarto, M.Pd.I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Salah satu hikmah
dirahasiakannya Lailatul Qadar adalah terpompanya kembali semangat beribadah
umat Islam di sepuluh terakhir bulan Ramadhan.“Lailatul Qadr” adalah malam
penuh kemuliaan, sebagaimana termaktub dalam firman Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt</i>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<strong><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">إِنَّا أَنزَلْنَاهُ فِي لَيْلَةِ الْقَدْرِ.
وَمَا أَدْرَاكَ مَا لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ. لَيْلَةُ الْقَدْرِ خَيْرٌ مِّنْ أَلْفِ
شَهْرٍ. تَنَزَّلُ الْمَلَائِكَةُ وَالرُّوحُ فِيهَا بِإِذْنِ رَبِّهِم مِّن كُلِّ
أَمْرٍ</span></strong><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><strong><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>. </span></strong><strong><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">سَلَامٌ هِيَ حَتَّى مَطْلَعِ الْفَجْرِ</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sesungguhnya
Kami telah menurunkannya (Al Qur'an) pada malam kemuliaan. Dan tahukah kamu
apakah malam kemuliaan itu? Malam kemuliaan itu lebih baik dari seribu bulan.
Pada malam itu turun malaikat-malaikat dan malaikat Jibril dengan izin Tuhannya
untuk mengatur segala urusan. Malam itu (penuh) kesejahteraan sampai terbit
fajar.</span></em><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"> (QS
Al-Qadr:</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">1-5)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Hadirin Jama’ah Jum’at yang dimuliakan Allah<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Dijelaskan
Ustadz Fauzan Amin, Lailatul Qadar adalah satu malam kemuliaan di bulan suci
Ramadan. Jika umat Muslim mengerjakan kebaikan-kebaikan pada malam tersebut,
akan mendapatkan pahala setara dengan pahala mengerjakan kebaikan selama seribu
bulan lamanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Selama
Lailatul Qadar, kita bahkan dituntut untuk memanjatkan doa yang afdol.
Rasulullah SAW menganjurkan umatnya untuk memanjatkan do'a, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Dari
Syayidah 'Aisyah, r.a. Ia berkata: saya bertanya kepada Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw</i>, Apa pendapat Engkau, seandainya aku
menemukan malam Lailatul Qadar, maka do'a apakah yang semestinya aku ucapkan
pada malam itu?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">Rasullullah
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw</i>, menjawabnya; berdo'alah dengan
mengucapkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";">اللَّهُمَّ إِنَّكَ عَفُوٌّ كَرِيمٌ تُحِبُّ الْعَفْوَ فَاعْفُ عَنِّى</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Allaahumma innaka ‘afuwwun
kariim tuhibbul ‘afwa fa’fu ‘annii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">"Ya Tuhanku,
sesungguhnya Engakau Dzat Maha Pengampun, dan menyukai memberikan pengampunan
kepada hamban-Nya, maka ampunilah kesalahanku." (H.R. Lima Imam hadits,
kecuali imam Abu Daud).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hadirin Jama’ah
Jum’at yang dimuliakan Allah<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Dinamakan lailatul qodr karena pada malam itu malaikat
diperintahkan oleh Allah swt untuk menuliskan ketetapan tentang kebaikan,
rezeki dan keberkahan di </ins></span>dalam satu tahun<span class="msoIns"><ins>,
sebagaimana firman Allah swt :<o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Artinya : ”Sesungguhnya kami menurunkannya pada suatu malam
yang diberkahi </ins></span>yakni malam lailatul qodar <span class="msoIns"><ins>dan
Sesungguhnya Kami-lah yang memberi peringatan. Pada malam itu dijelaskan segala
urusan yang penuh hikmah, (yaitu) urusan yang besar dari sisi kami.
Sesungguhnya kami adalah yang mengutus rasul-rasul.” (QS. Ad Dukhan : 3 – 5)</ins></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Al Qurthubi mengatakan bahwa pada malam itu pula para
malaikat turun dari setiap langit dan dari sidrotul muntaha ke bumi dan
mengaminkan doa-doa yang diucapkan manusia hingga terbit fajar. Para malaikat
dan jibril as turun dengan membawa rahmat atas perintah Allah swt juga membawa
setiap urusan yang telah ditentukan dan ditetapkan Allah di tahun itu hingga
yang akan datang. Lailatul Qodr adalah malam kesejahteraan dan kebaikan
seluruhnya tanpa ada keburukan hingga terbit fajar<o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>Diantara hadits-hadits yang menceritakan tentang tanda-tanda
lailatul qodr adalah :<o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>1. Sabda
Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw</i>,”Lailatul qodr adalah
malam yang cerah, tidak panas dan tidak dingin, matahari pada hari itu bersinar
kemerahan lemah.” Diriwayatkan oleh Ibnu Khuzaimah yang dishahihkan oleh Al
Bani.<o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";"><span class="msoIns"><ins>2. Sabda
Rasulullah saw,”Sesungguhnya aku diperlihatkan lailatul qodr lalu aku
dilupakan, ia ada di sepuluh malam terakhir. Malam itu cerah, tidak panas dan
tidak dingin bagaikan bulan menyingkap bintang-bintang</ins></span>,<span class="msoIns"><ins> hingga terbit fajar” (HR. Ibnu Hibban)</ins></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">3. <span class="msoIns"><ins>Rasulullah
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw</i> bersabda,”Sesungguhnya para
malaikat pada malam itu lebih banyak turun ke bumi daripada jumlah pepasiran.”
(HR. Ibnu Khuzaimah yang sanadnya dihasankan oleh Al Bani)</ins></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";">4. <span class="msoIns"><ins>Rasulullah
saw berabda,”Tandanya adalah matahari terbit pada pagi harinya cerah tanpa
sinar.” (HR. Muslim)</ins></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hadirin
Jama’ah Jum’at yang dimuliakan Allah<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tanda-tanda
datangnya malam lailatul qodar dapat dismpulkan dari hadits-hadits tersebut
antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suasana malam sejuk <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Suasana malam yang sangat
tenang<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
malam Lailatul Qadar, angin pun berhembus lembut. Ini membuat suasana terasa
sangat nyaman. Tidak panas dan juga tidak dingin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
malam Lailatul Qadar, tidak terjadi hujan. Saat itu malam terasa begitu
syahdu dengan suasana langit yang cerah. Dan bintang-bintang bersinar semua<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hadirin
Jama’ah Jum’at yang dimuliakan Allah<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keistimewaan
malam Lailatul Qodar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lailatul Qadar Lebih Baik Dari 1000 Bulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Allah Ta’ala berfirman yang artinya :”Malam kemuliaan
itu lebih baik dari seribu bulan. Penjelasan Mujahid, Qotadah dan ulama lainnya
berpendapat bahwa yang dimaksud dengan lebih baik dari seribu bulan adalah
shalat dan amalan pada malam lailatul qadar lebih baik dari shalat dan ibadah
di 1000 bulan yang tidak terdapat lailatul qadar. Ini sungguh keutamaan
Lailatul Qadar yang luar biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lailatul Qadar Adalah Malam Yang Penuh Keberkahan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Allah Ta’ala berfirman yang artinya :”Sesungguhnya Kami
menurunkannya pada suatu malam yang diberkahi dan sesungguhnya Kami-lah yang
memberi peringatan.” (QS. Ad Dukhon: 3). Malam penuh berkah ini adalah malam
‘lailatul qadar’ dan pebuatan baik yang dilakukan seorang hamba akan menadapat
keberkahan yang luar biasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lailatul Qadar adalah malam dicatatnya takdir tahunan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Allah Ta’ala berfirman yang artinya :”Pada malam itu
dijelaskan segala urusan yang penuh hikmah” (QS. Ad Dukhan: 4). Ibnu Katsir
dalam kitab tafsirnya ( 334-335) menerangkan bahwa pada malam Lailatul Qadar
akan dirinci di Lauhul Mahfuzh mengenai penulisan takdir dalam setahun,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan akan dicatat ajal dan rizki. Dan juga
akan dicatat segala sesuatu hingga akhir dalam setahun. Demikian diriwayatkan
dari Ibnu ‘Umar, Abu Malik, Mujahid, Adh Dhohak dan ulama salaf lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malam Penuh Ampunan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Salah
satu keistimewaan malam Lailatul Qadar adalah pengampunan dosa bagi orang yang
menghidupkan malam Lailatul Qadar. sebagaimana hadist dari Abu Hurairah ra yang
artinya “Barang siapa yang melaksanakan sholat pada malam Lailatul Qadar karena
iman dan mengharapkan pahala dari Allah SWT, maka Allah akan mengampuni
dosa-dosa yang telah lalu”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Segala
Doa dikabulkan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Barang siapa yang berdoa pada malam lailatul qodar
pasti doanya dikabulkan Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt</i>, karena
malam itu seluruh malaikat turun dan turun mendoakan bagi orang-orang beribadah
pada malam tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Itulah beberapa keistimewaan malam Lailatul Qadar.
Tentunya masih banyak keistimewaan-keistimewaan lainnya yang sudah tersirat
dalam ayat serta hadist lain. Seperti yang diketahui, malam Lailatul Qadar
merupakan malam dengan sejuta keistimewaan bagi orang muslim yang
menghidupkannya dengan beribadah dan mendekatkan diri kepada Allah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 3; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amalan Di Malam Lailatul
Qadar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Malam lailatul qadar
merupakan malam yang sangat ditunggu-tunggu oleh orang mukmin yang bertaqwa.
Kedatangannya sangatlah dinantikan dengan beberapa persiapan yang telah
dilakukan. Malam itulah, seluruh para malaikat turun ke bumi karena perintah
Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh karena itu, jangan
sampai kita tidak mengejar kesempatan yang sangat berharga dan hanya ada di
bulan Ramadhan ini hanya lewat begitu saja. Persiapkan diri kita dengan
melakukan amalan-amalan yang baik di sepuluh malam terakhir bulan suci
Ramadhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut ini ada beberapa
Amalan-Amalan Sepuluh Malam Terakhir Ramadhan Malam Lailatul Qadar antara lain
adalah sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbanyak
sodakoh di sepulah malam terahir dibulan ramadhan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbanyak
I’tikaf di masjid di sepulah malam terahir dibulan ramadhan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbanyak
membaca Al Qur’an<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbanyak
membaca istifar<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbanyak
membaca sholat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 14.2pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memperbanyak
melakukan shalat malam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Barang siapa yang sampai mendapatkan
malam lailatul qodar hidupnya akan bertambah berkah, oleh karena itu kunci
untuk mendapatkan malam lailatul qodar ialah dengan cara meningkatkan kadar
ibadah kita lebih semangat lagi dan lebih giat lagi insallah kita semua
dimasjid siti aisah ini bisa mendapatkan malam lailatul qodar.aamiin, aamiin, aamiin
yarobbal alamin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-40440342372690525712019-11-05T18:54:00.002-08:002019-11-05T18:54:12.531-08:00Sejarah Awal Mula Ramadhan<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">MENYINGKAP ASAL
MULA RAMADHAN<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Dr. H. Khoirul Abror,
MH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Dosen Tetap Fakultas Syari’ah UIN
Raden Intan dan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Anggota MUI Provinsi Lampung)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Kini kita berada dalam suasana di gerbang pertapaan dan pelatihan disipin rohani di bulan
Ramadhan; Hampir tidak ada perbedaan yang menyolok dari Ramadhon tahun sebelumnya,
meskipun ramadhan tahun ini, kita memasuki dalam suasana yang penuh dengan
keperihatinan; Perihatin karena begitu banyak tumpukan dosa yang kita lakukan,
baik sebagai pribadi maupun sebagai
makhluk sosial. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Masih banyak rentetan dosa yang perlu dipertanyakan dalam diri pribadi yang
muncul dalam pikiran kita, namun jawabannya akan kita temukan setelah kita
merenung ulang sikap dan perbuatan kita sebelumnya (Q.S. Ar-Rum (30): 41) dan Ayat yang termaktub dalam Q.S Al-Baqarah (2):
183, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">jelas dan tegas ditujukan kepada orang-orang
yang “beriman” bukan hanya
sekedar orang Islam.</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Antara Islam dan Iman merupakan satu kesatuan
yang saling mengisi, Iman tidak ada artinya tanpa amal saleh, dan amal saleh
akan sia-sia jika tidak dilandasi iman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Berkaitan dengan Puasa, yang secara
terminologis ialah: Suatu ibadah yang diperintahkan Allah, dilaksanakan dengan
cara menahan diri dari segala apa yang membatalkan puasa termasuk menahan diri
dari perkataan sia-sia, perkataan porno (yang merangsang) dari terbit fajar
sampai terbenam matahari, menurut cara yang telah ditentukan syara’ dengan
disertai niat, sebagaimana dimaksud dan digambarkan dalam Q.S. Al-Baqarah (2):
187<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Mengambil makna puasa dalam arti menahan diri
dari sgala yang membatalkan dan merusak nilai puasa; Al-Ghazali dalam Ihya’
Ulumuddin, membaginya kepada tiga tingkatan; yaitu: (a) Puasa umum, (b) Puasa
Khusus dan (c) Puasa <i>Khushus al-Khawash</i>. Puasa dengan ragam
bentuk dan tujuannya dapat dihimpun oleh suatu esensi, yaitu “pengendalian diri”; Nabi menjelaskan, bahwa “rasa lapar dan dahaga bukan merupakan tujuan puasa”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Asal usul puasa ramadhan, berawl
dari Rasulullah tiba di Madinah (Tahun ke 2 hijrah), ia bersama sahabatnya
melaksanakan puasa tiga hari dalam setiap bulannya selama 17 bulan, yang
dimulai bulan rabi’ul awal, hingga rabi’ulawal dan sampai ramadahan; </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurut riwayat Abu Daud dari Abdurrahman dari Mu’az:
“Puasa telah melalui tiga keadaan”</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> <i>Pertama;</i> pada mulanya setelah Nabi
tiba di Madinah, sedang penduduk Madinah belum pernah berpuasa, Nabi dan para
Sahabat berpuasa tiga hari dalam setiap bulan, (13-14-15) dan berpuasa pada
hari A’syura, hingga turunlah ayat tentang <i>shiy</i></span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">ả</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">m:</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">“Hai orang yang beriman, diwajibkan atas kamu
berpuasa sebagaimana diwajibkan atas orang-orang yang sebelum kamu, agar kamu
bertakwa” (Q.S. Al-Baqarah (2): 183); …Dan bagi orang-orang yang berat
menjalankannya (jika ia tidak berpuasa) hendaklah ia memberi makan seorang miskin<i>
(fidyah), </i>(Q.S. Al-Baqarah (2): 184) Pada masa ini, masih diharamkan orang
yang berpuasa untuk makan, minum dan bersetubuh setelah tidur pada malam hari,
atau sesudah shalat isya’. Dia tidak dibolehkan lagi makan apa-apa, Kemudian
ketetapan ini dimansukhkan, (yakni dibolehkan makan minum dan sebagainya hingga
terbit fajar).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua;</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Setelah turun permulaan ayat <i>shiyam
</i>itu, para sahabat ada yang merasa keberatan; karenanya, ada yang puasa dan
ada diantara mereka yang memberi makanan kepada orang miskin (<i>fidyah</i>)
bagi yang tidak mengerjakan puasa, yaitu orang-orang yang berat mengerjakan
puasa, </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">lalu
turunlah ayat: “<i>berpuasa lebih baik bagi kamu</i>”; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketiga;</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> setelah turunnya ayat <i>“berpuasa lebih baik bagi kamu”</i>,
maka semuanya disuruh berpuasa saja “yang <i>memansukhkan </i>hukum yang telah
lalu” .</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebelum masuk pada keadaan ketiga,
turunlah ayat “<i>dihalakan bagimu pada malam bulan ramadhan bercampur dengan
isteri-isterimu”.</i> Pertanyaan yang menggelitik hati, mengapa ayat itu
diturunkan?; perlu ditegaskan bahwa sebelum turun ayat ini, para Muslimin hanya
dibolehkan makan dan minum dan bersetubuh dimalam hari sesudah mereka berbuka
hingga mereka tidur<i>, </i>kalau sudah tidur walaupun masih diawal malam,
tidak boleh makan dan minum sesuatu apapun lagi; </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Historis: </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Ketika Qais ibn Sirmah berpuasa, saat tiba
waktu berbuka dia kembali kerumahnya dari bekerja, dan meminta makanan kepada
isterinya. Ironisnya, oleh karena hari itu persediaan tidak ada, maka isterinya
minta izin untuk mencarinya. Oleh karena pada hari itu Qais habis bekerja
berat, tertidurlah Ia. Dan ketika isterinya pulang, suaminya didapatkan
berbaring/tertidur (karena lelahnya), berujarlah isterinya: “Kasihan engkau wahai suamiku”? lalu, pada pertengahan
hari berikutnya (esok harinya), Qais
jatuh pingsan. Oleh isterinya diterangkanlah kepada Nabi, lalu turunlah
ayat: <i>”dibolehkan bagi kamu mencampuri isterimu dimalam hari bulan ramadhan,
mereka itu adalah pakaian bagimu dan kamupun adalah pakaian bagi mereka. Allah
mengetahui bahwasanya kamu tidak dapat menahan nafsumu, karena itu Allah
mengampuni kamu dan memberi maaf kepadamu</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua", serif;">Dengan turunnya ayat itu sangat
bergembiralah para sahabat, seiring dengan itu pula turunlah ayat: “</span><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Makanlah dan minumlah
hingga jelas bagimu benang putih dari benang hitam, yaitu fajar” </span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">(Q.S. Al-Baqarah (2):
187). Dan Rasulullah hanya berpuasa 9 x ramadhan, karena perintah berpuasa
turun pada bulan Sya’ban tahun ke 2 H, sedangkan Rasulullah wafat pad bulan
Rabi’ul awal tahun ke-11. H; Sejak itulah sampai saat ini kita dibolehkan makan
dan minum dimalam hari pada bulan ramadhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Akhirnya dalam rangka perujudan mengisi
amaliah ramadhan ditengah hiruk pikuknya Indonesia yang ingin perubahan ini,
tidak salahnya momen ramadhan kali ini kita jadikan pintu menuju perubahan
dalam arti sesungguhnya, dan dikala ramadhan tengah memayungi jiwa dan hati
kita, ketika itu pula kita berupaya mengubur keserakahan, mengubur nafsu jahat
yang selam ini bersemayam sampai lubuk hati yang paling dalam, jika diwaktu
Ramahdan kita mampu membunuh <i>nafsu lawwamah</i>, mengapa diluar bulan
Ramadhan kita tidak berdaya, dan selalu diperdaya oleh budak nafsu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Karenanya
mari kita isi amaliah ramadhan ini dengan melatih disiplin diri, melatih
pengendalian diri, disamping menjaga ucapan dan pembicaraan; Karena berbicara
yang benar dan baik merupakan salah satu dari bukti kebenaran iman seseorang.
Dan keharusan berbicara yang benar menurut Al-Qur’an diistilakan oleh Allah
dalam sebutan:</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Qaulan Syadîd</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ả</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> berbicara yang benar, jujur tidak berbohong
dan tidak berbelit-belit (QS. An-Nisa’ (4): 9); <i>Qaulan Balîgh</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ả</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, berbicara yang dapat membekas dihati orang
lain (Q.S.An-Nisa’ (4): 63); <i>Qaulan Mais</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ứ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">r</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ả</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">merupakan
ucapan yang pantas sesuai dengan persoalan yang dibicarakan (Q.S. Al-Isra’
(17): 28); <i>Qaulan Karîm</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ả</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">merupakan
perkataan yang mulia, terutama terhadap yang lebih tua (Q.S. Al-Isra’ (17):
23); <i>Qaulan laiyin</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ả</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">perkataan
yang lemah lembut, tidak terbawa egois dan tidak terbawa nafsu (Q.S. A</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ṭ</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">Ṭả</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ả</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> (20): 44); <i>Qaulan Ma’r</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ứ</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">f</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ả</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, </span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">merupakan
kata yang baik, tepat, tajam dan mudah dipahami orang yang diajak bicara (Q.S.
An-Nisa’ (4): 5). <i>Wall</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">ả</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">hua’lam<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" /></span></i>makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-76992223191194580732019-11-05T18:53:00.002-08:002019-11-05T18:53:26.338-08:00Waktu Mengeluarkan Zakat Fitrah<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">WAKTU MENGELUARKAN ZAKAT FITRAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Dr. Agus Hermanto, M.H.I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lughawi, </i>zakat berasal dari kata <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">zakâ-yazkī-zakâtan </i>yang berarti; 1) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Thaharu,</i> yaitu membersihkan atau
mensucikan, 2) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Barakatu, </i>yaitu
barokah, 3) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Nuwuw, </i>yaitu tumbuh
dan berkembang, 4) <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Shalahu, </i>yaitu
beres. Secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syar’i, </i>adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kadar
makanan pokok yang wajib ditkeluarkan oleh setiap orang Islam pada malam Idul
Fitri, atau dapat juga diartikan </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">harta tertentu yang wajib
dikeluarkan oleh orang yang beragama Islam dan diberikan kepada golongan yang
berhak menerimanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun syarat-syarat
wajib zakat fitrah adalah; 1) Islam dan Merdeka,</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2) </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menemui
dua waktu yaitu di antara bulan Ramadhan dan Syawal walaupun hanya sesaat,</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
3) </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mempunyai
harta yang lebih dari pada kebutuhannya sehari-hari untuk dirinya dan
orang-orang di bawah tanggungan pada hari raya dan malamnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adapun
syarat tidak wajib zakat fitrah yaitu; 1) Orang yang meninggal sebelum terbenam
matahari pada akhir Ramadhan,</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2) </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anak yang lahir
selepas terbenam matahari pada akhir Ramadhan,</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3) </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orang
yang baru memeluk agama Islam sesudah matahari terbenam pada akhir Ramadhan,</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 4)
</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggungan
istri yang baru saja dinikahi selepas matahari terbenam pada akhir Ramadhan.</span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zakat merupakan salah satu
dari lima Rukun Islam yang wajib dilaksanakan. Kewajiban mengeluarkan zakat
adalah bagi kaum muslim yang sudah memenuhi syarat-syarat tertentu seperti
telah mencapai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nisab</i> dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">haul</i>. </span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Zakat adalah salah satu kewajiban yang harus
dikeluarkan baik laki-laki maupun perempuan. Maka dari pada itu, Alllah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt., </i>memerintahkan kepada setiap muslim
untuk mengeluarkan zakat pada waktunya.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Waktu mengeluarkan zakat
adalah; 1) waktu wajib, apabila berjumpa sebagian waktu Ramadhan dan sebagian
bulan Syawal. Maka, orang yang meninggal setelah magrib di malam pertama bulan
Syawal, maka wajib dizakati, 2) waktu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jawaz</i>,
dimulai sejak awal Ramadhan. Sehingga kita boleh mengeluarkan zakat fitri di
awal Ramadhan atau di pertengahannya, 3) waktu paling utama, yaitu membayar
zakat fitri sesaat sebelum shalat Idul Fitri dilaksanakan, 4) waktu makruh,
yaitu membayar zakat setelah setelah shalat Idul Fitri dilaksanakan sampai
terbenamnya matahari pada hari pertama bulan Syawal, 4) waktu haram, yaitu
membayar zakat setelah terbenamnya matahari di hari pertama bulan Syawal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para u<span style="color: black;">lama berselisih pendapat, terkait kapan waktu yang tepat
mengeluarkan zakat.</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pertama</span></i><span style="color: black;">, pendapat Abu Hanifah, dibolehkannya membayar zakat fitri
sejak awal tahun (bulan Muharram) karena hukum zakat fitri sebagaimana zakat
harta yang boleh disegerakan sebelum genap satu tahun.</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kedua, </span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pendapat
al</span><span style="color: black;">-Syafi’i, pembayaran zakat fitri boleh
didahulukan sejak awal bulan Ramadan karena penyebab adanya zakat adalah puasa
dan berbuka puasa (hari raya), sehingga jika sudah ada salah satu dari sebab
tersebut (yaitu puasa) maka zakat boleh dibayarkan. Sebagaimana zakat harta
yang sudah sampai batas <i>nishab</i> namun belum genap disimpan selama satu
tahun, boleh didahulukan pembayarannya.</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ketiga</span></i><span style="color: black;">, sebagian besar mazhab Hanabilah berpendapat bahwa
penunaian zakat fitri boleh disegerakan setelah pertengahan Ramadan,
sebagaimana bolehnya mendahulukan azan subuh sebelum waktu subuh, atau
sebagaimana bolehnya meninggalkan Muzdalifah ketika haji setelah melewati
tengah malam sebelum subuh.</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keempat</span></i><span style="color: black;">, pendapat Imam Ahmad, bolehnya menyegerakan pembayaran
zakat, sehari atau dua hari sebelum waktu wajib (waktu fitri), dan tidak boleh
(disegerakan) lebih dari itu.</span> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Wallahu A’lam.</span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-84261164843382178882019-11-05T18:23:00.002-08:002019-11-05T18:23:52.052-08:00Ukuran Fidyah Pengganti Puasa<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">UKURAN FIDYAH YANG HARUS
DIKELUARKAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">SEBAGAI PENGGANTI PUASA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Dr. Agus Hermanto, MHI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Fidyah</span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"> adalah bentuk masdar dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fadaa </i>artinya mengganti atau menabur, adapun secara <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">syar’i</i> sejumlah harta benda dan
kadar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tertentu yang wajib diberikan
keapada fakir miskin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai ganti satu
ibadah yang telah ditinggalkannya, dapat diartikan juga denda atau penganti
puasa yang ditingglkan bagi wanita hamil dan menyusui serta orang yang sudah
tua renta dan tidak mampu lagi berpuasa, sesuai dengan tatanan syari’ah. Ada
dua cara yang diapat dilakukan dalam membayar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fidyah</i>, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 14.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Fidyah</span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"> dapat dibayar dengan barang yang sudah masak, yaitu dengan cara memberi
makan kepada orang miskin sejumlah puasa yang ia tinggalkan. Jika dibayar
dengan makanan, maka dapat diperkirakan makanan pada umumnya di lingkungan kita
berapa, misalnya satu forsi makanan Rp. 15.000., berarti jumlah itulah yang
harus dibayarkan jika diganti dengan uang tunai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Fidyah </span></i><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">dapat dibayar dengan barang mentah, seperti halnya dibayar dengan
makanan pokok atau uang secara tunai. Adapun para ulama’ berpendapat, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fidyah</i> dibayar dengan gandum satu mud
yaitu (0,75 kg), jumlahnya yang jumlahnya adalah kurang dari satu kilo gram, adapun
selain gandum lebih dari itu, yaitu setengah syak atau dua mud yaitu (1,5 kg)
adapun para golongan Hanafi berpendapat yang nilainya adalah setengah dari
harta yang dibayarkan zakat. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Namun jika dibayarkan dengan bahan mentah, agar
memberikan lauk untuk makannya, agar memenuhi makna teks yang ada, yaitu; “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wajib bagi orang-orang yang berat
menjalankannya (jika mereka tidak puasa) membayar fidyah (yaitu) memberikan
makan seorang miskin” </i>(QS. al-Baqarah: 184). Adapun waktu pelaksanaannya
adalah setiap menjelang maghrib selama puasa ditinggalkan, sebagaimana Malik
bin Anas ketika sudah tua melaksanakan dengan cara tersebut. Namun pendapat
yang lain mengatakan boleh di bayar di hari yang lain. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wallahu A’lam.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-33836037449096433412019-11-05T18:22:00.003-08:002019-11-05T18:22:44.917-08:0010 Hari Ramadhan Adalah Rahmah dan Maghfirah <br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">TIGA FASE KEBERKAHAN RAMADHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Dr. Agus Hermanto, M.H.I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ramadhan
adalah bulan berkah, yang mana keberkahan itu terdapat dalam tiga fase di bulan
ramadhan tersebut, </span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pada sebuah hadits yang diriwayatkan
oleh Abu Hurairah: "Dari Abu Hurairah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ra.</i>,
dimana Ia berkata bahwa Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw.,</i>
bersabda: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Awal bulan </i></span><a href="http://palembang.tribunnews.com/tag/ramadhan" title="Ramadhan"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ramadhan</span></i></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
adalah Rahmah, pertengahannya Maghfirah dan akhirnya Itqun Minan Nar
(dijauhkannya dari api neraka)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">". <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Sepuluh hari pertama adalah rahmah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Pada sepuluh hari pertama adalah banyaknya kesabaran
dan keikhlasan, karena pada sepuluh hari pertama adalah dimana kita banyak
berlatih berupa menahan lapar dan dahaga mulai dari terbitnya fajar samapi pada
terbenamnya matahari, karena sepuluh hari pertama adalah permulaan puasa,
sehingga terasa lebih berat, lebih terasa sulit, maka pada fase ini dibutuhkan
kesabaran dan keihlasan, barang siapa yang mampu sabra dan ikhlas, maka Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt., </i>akan memberikan rahmahnya. Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt., </i>akan senantiasa membuka pintu rahmat
selebar-lebarnya kepada hambanya yang sabra dan ikhlas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diantara
amalanamalan yang dapat kita lakukan adalah, sebagaiamana sabda Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw., </i>“Surga merindukan empat orang :
pembaca Al-Qur’an, orang yang mengekang lisannya, orang yang gemar memberi makan
orang yang lapar, dan orang yang berpuasa di bulan Ramadhan.” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Sepuluh hari kedua adalah maghfirah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Pada fase sepuluh hari kedua ini, adalah fase transisi
dimana pada fase pertama biasanya masjid, mushala dipenuhi dengan jama’ah
shalat tarawih, kemudian pada fase kedua ini biasanya mulai menurun, maka fase
kedua ini disebut dengan fase maghfirah, maksudnya adalah barang siapa yang
dapat melewati fase sepuluh hari kedua, maka Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt., </i>senantiasa akan memberikan maghfirahnya kepadnya. Maka pada
sepuluh hari pertama ini kita harus memperbanyak do’a, dzikir dan mohon ampunan
atas dosa-dosa yang telah kita jalani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Sepuluh hari ketiga adalah itqu minannar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Sepuluh hari terakhir bulan Ramadhan adalah dikenal
dengan adanya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">lailatul qadar, </i>dimana
pada malam lailatul qadar adalam sebaik-baiknya malam, barang siapa
mendapatkannya, maka dia sepeti beribadah seribu bulan, adapun amalan yang
harus diperbanyak adalah memperbanyak I’tikaf di masjid, berdzikir,
memperbanyak membaca al-Qur’an, serta memperbanyak shadaqah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Demikianlah kemulian dan keberkahan yang terdapat di
bulan Ramadhan, semoga pada bulan yang mulia ini kita dapat menyempurnakan
keimanan dan ketaqwaan kita kepada sang Khaliq, sehingga tiga fase ini dapat
tergapai, yaitu rahmah, maghfirah dan itqun minannar. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wallahua’lam.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></i>
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<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-11547963003446522342019-11-05T18:20:00.002-08:002019-11-05T18:20:12.372-08:00Tarawih Ajang Perlombaan<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">TARAWIH ADALAH AJANG BERLOMBA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Dr. Agus Hermanto, M.H.I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw., </i>bersabda: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Barang siapa
mendirikan ibadah shalat pada bulan Ramadhan karena iman dan rasa berharap
(ridha Allah), maka niscaya diampuni oleh Allah swt., dosa-dosa yang telah
lalu” </i>(HR. Bukhari Muslim). Shalat tarawih merupakan salah satu ibadah
sunah di malam hari bulan ramadhan, hal ini merupakan bagian dari mengharap
ridha Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt</i>., agar mendapatkan
barakah bulan Ramadhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Tarawih adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jama’</i> dari <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tarwih</i>, yang berarti <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jalsah</i>, disebut demikian, karena di
setiap empat rakaat biasanya duduk untuk beristirahat. Untuk menambah
semaraknya shalat tarawih, biasanya dipandu dengan bilal yang setiap dua rakaat
atau empat rakaat memandu jalannya shalat tarawih, dengan diiringi shalawat dan
mebaca nama-nama shahabat yang empat, yaitu Abu Bakar al-Siddiq, Umat bin
Khattab, Utsman bi Affan, Ali bin Abi Thalib, hal ini (panduan bilal) bukanlah
syari’ah yang diajarkan Rsul, melainkan hanya memandu jalannya serta khitmatnya
shalat, itu semua adalah bagian dari pelajaran bagi kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hal ini tentunya berawal dari niat
yang tulus, karena segala sesuatu perkara tergantung pada niatnya sebagaimana
diterangkan dalam salah satu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">qaidah</i> “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-umuuru bi maqashidiha”</i>, yang
dipertegas dengan hadits Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw.,
</i>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sesungguhnya amalan itu tergantung
kepada niatnya</i>”. Begitu juga dengan ibadah shalat tarawih, yang kita jalani
di malam bulan Ramadhan, apakah jumlah rakaat kita delapan atau dua puluh,
bahwa semua itu tidak menjadi masalah, asalkan niatnya lurus, tulus, ikhlas
mengharap ridha Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Secara praktik di masyarakat kita, ada yang menjalankannya dengan
delapan rakaat, ada juga yang dua puluh rakaat. Adapun yang menjalankan delapan
rakaat adalah berdalil pada riwayat Aisyah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ra.,
</i>Rasulullah menjalankan shalat tarawih dengan empat rakaat dan dua kali
salam, dan disetiap empar rakaat beliau duduk sebagaimana diriwayatkan Aisyah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ra.,</i> “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Adalah Rasulullah melakukan shalat pada waktu setelah selesainya shalat
isya, hingga waktu fajar selama 11<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>rakaat mengucapkan salam pada setiap dua rakaat dan melakukan witir
dengan satu rakaat”. Idalam riwayat lain, Aisyah ra., </i>ditanya “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bagaimana sahalat Rasulullah saw., pada
bulan Ramadhan?</i> Dia menjawab; <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“Beliau
tidak pernah menambah di rakaat atau di luarnya lebih dari 11 rakaat, maka
jangan ditanya btentang bagusnya dan lamanya, kemudian beliau shalat 3 rakaat” </i>(HR.
Bukhari).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Adapun yang berpendapat 20 rakaat adalah sebagaimana telah diceritakan
kepada kami Ali, bahwa Ibnu Abi Dzi’ib dari yazid bin Khosifah dari as-Saib bin
Yazid, ia berkata: <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“ Mereka melaksanakan
qiyam lail di masa Umar di bulan Ramadhan sebanyak 20 Rakaat ketika itu mereka
membaca 200 ayat al-Quir’an” (</i>HR. Ali bin al-Dza’id dalam Musnadnya).<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Sebenarnya Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw., </i>melaksanakan
shalat malam tersebut sendiri, dengan mengajari dan memberikan contoh kepada
para shahabat, baru kemudian shalat tarawih tersebut dilakukan berjama’ah pada
masa Umat bih Khatab <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ra., </i>atas
usulnya, karena beliau beranggapan bahwa shalat berjamaah lebih mulia daripada
harus dilaksanakan sendiri, adapun Rasulullah melaksanakan shalat tarawih
sendiri, karena beliau tidak mau menganggap bahwa shalat tarawih wajib
hukumnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Yang perlu dievaluasi bukan jumlah delapan atau dua puluh rakaatnya,
karena telah jelas bahwa keduanya memiliki landasan yang kuat, tapi yang lebih
memprihatinkan adalah perjalanan shalat tarawih di masjid-masjid selalu pasang
surut seperti turnamen sepak bola, 10 hari pertama sebagai babak penyisihan,
pesertanya banyak, bahkan sampai membludak, sepuluh hari kedua bulan ramadhan
seperti semi final, jamaah mulai mengurang dan bahkan pada 10 ketiga adalah
final, jumlah jamaah tinggal bertahan satu atau dua baris. Maka daripada itu,
marilah kita tingkatkan keistiqamahan kita dan keikhlasan kita demi ridha
Ilahi, sehingga mampu menjalankan dan menghidupkan malam bulan Ramadhan
khususnya shalat tarawih, karena berlomba dalam beribadah itu diharuskan, “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">fastabuqul khairat”,</i> demikianlah
firman-Nya. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wallahu A’lam.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></i>
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<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-989296451398823572019-11-05T18:19:00.002-08:002019-11-05T18:19:34.421-08:00Kejadian-kejadian Unik di Bulan Ramadhan<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">KEJADIAN-KEJADIAN UNIK BULAN
RAMADHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Dr. Agus Hermanto, M.H.I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ramadan merupakan bulan yang
diberkahi keistimewaan tersendiri. Hari-hari di bulan tersebut dipenuhi dengan rahmat
yang Allah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt.,</i> peruntukkan kepada
Nabi Muhammad <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw.,</i> beserta umatnya. Terbukti
banyaknya peristiwa-peristiwa penting bersejarah yang bisa diambil
pelajarannya, </span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">di antaranya
adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Pada bulan Ramadhan
diturunkannya al-Qur’an<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika Nabi
Muhammad <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw.,</i> berusia 40 tahun, Allah
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">swt., </i>mengutusnya untuk alam semesta,
yang menerangi dan menuntun jagat raya alam semesta. Tepatnya pada tanggal 17
Ramadhan 13 tahun sebelum Hijriyah Nabi menerima wahyu pertama. bertepatan
dengan awal Februari tahun 610 Masehi.</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Pada bulan Ramadhan
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Suhuf</i> Ibrahim diturunkan, Taurat,
Zabur dan Injil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain al-Qur’an
al-Karim, juga turunnya kitab-kitab suci sebelum Al-Qur’an yaitu Shuhuf Ibrahim
pada 1 Ramadhan. Taurat diturunkan pada 6 Ramadhan, Zabur pada 24 Ramadhan, dan
Injil pada 13 Ramadan.</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><strong><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pada bulan Ramadhan kemenangan Islam di Perang Badar
dan Fathul Makkah </span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perang Badar
terjadi pada 17 Ramadan 2 H/624 M. Inilah peperangan pertama yang dilakukan
kaum Muslim melawan kaum kafir Quraisy dari Mekkah setelah hijrah ke Madinah.
Pertempuran itu berakhir dengan kemenangan pihak Muslim. Sedangkan Fathul
Makkah atau pembebasan Kota Mekkah terjadi pada tahun Ramadhan 8 Hijriah/ 630
M.Perang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Badar atau biasa disebut
Ghazwah Badr al-Kubra adalah perang yang menjadi pembeda, menandai awal
kejayaan kaum Muslimin. Dengannya Allah memuliakan Islam, meninggikan
menaranya, dan mengikis berhala-berhala. </span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
Bulan Ramadhan Terbebasnya Kota Andalusia</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Andalus adalah nama
Arab yang diberikan kepada wilayah-wilayah di semenanjung Iberia yang
diperintah oleh orang Islam selama beberapa waktu mulai tahun 711 sampai 1492
Masehi. Pada 28 Ramadhan tahun ke-92 Hijrah, panglima Islam Tariq bin Ziyad
dikirim pemerintaan Bani Umayyah untuk menawan Andalus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada
Buran ramadhan Islam sampai di Yaman</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaman terletak di
selatan semenanjung tanah arab. Nabi Muhammad mengutus Ali bin Abi Thalib
dengan membawa surat beliau untuk penduduk Yaman khususnya Suku Hamdan. Dalam
periode satu hari, semua mereka memeluk agama Islam secara aman. Peristiwa
bersejarah itu terjadi pada bulan Ramadhan tahun ke-10 hijrah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 14.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: "Book Antiqua"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Book Antiqua";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span dir="LTR"></span><strong><span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Proklamasi Kemerdekaan
Indonesia </span></strong><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proklamasi
Kemerdekaan Indonesia dilakukan pada tanggal 9 Ramadhan 1364 Hijriah atau 17
Agustus 1945.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Demikianlah kemulian bulan Ramadhan yang kini kita
jalani, banyak barokah, kenikmatan, kemenangan yang menjadi bukti sejarah yang
tidak terlupakan. Maka dari pada itu, kita harus pandai-pandai mengambil
I’tibar dan pelajaran dari kejadian ini.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wallahu’a’lam<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-29372872188518686752019-11-05T18:18:00.003-08:002019-11-05T18:18:51.403-08:00Halal Bi Halal Sebagai Ajang Tabayun<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">HALAL BI HALAL SEBAGAI MEDIA BERTABAYYUN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Dr. Agus Hermanto,
M.H.I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Idul Fitri adalah ahri kemenangan setelah melaksanakan ibadah puasa
selama satu bulan penuh lamanya, ketika Idul Fitri tiba, umat Islam mengadakan
acara yang sangat unik, yaitu silaturahim, yang istilah ini dalam bahasa Jawa
sidebut <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Sungkem </i>kepada kedua orang
tua yang masih ada dan sanak family yang lainnya, namun ketika sudah tiada,
mereka menyempatkan waktunya untuk berziarah ke Kuburan dan berdoa bersama atau
dilaksanakan dengan sendiri-sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Istilah silaturahim pada awal masuknya Islam ke Indonesia agak begitu
sulit di ucapkan, kemudian KH. Wahab Chasbullah diberi nama <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">halal bi halal </i>yang kemudia istilah ini
popular sampai hari ini<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. Halal bi halal</i>
adalah sebuah tradisi di masyarakat kita yang merupakan media untuk
bersilaturahmi, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">halal bi halal</i>
berasal dari kata halal yang artinya lepas dari dosa, sehingga istilah ini
digunakan untuk menyambung tali silaturahim sering juga disebut bersal dari
kalimat <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">thalabul halal bi thariqi al-
halal, </i>yaitu meminta mencari penyelesaian masalah atau mencari keharmonisan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hubungan dengan cara mengampuni kesalahan.
Sehingga istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">halal bi halal </i>sebagai
sarana untuk saling bermaafan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Istilah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">halal bi halal </i>memang
hanya sebuah tradisi baik dan mulia di Indonesia, yang tidak ada dasarnya dalam
al-Qur’an dan al-Sunah dan tidak ada pelaksanaannya di Negara-negara lain, unik
memang hal ini, dan inilah merupakan sebuah tradisi Islam yang ada di
Indonesia. Jika kehidupan ini ibarat benang yang selama ini tidak jelas
ujungnya karena saking banyaknya alur kemudian menjadi kusut, maka sejatinya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">halal bio halal </i>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>merajut kembali benang yang sudah kusut dan
nyaris sulit diselesaikan. Jika ada kesalahan yang terjadi dan belum termaafkan
karena sebuah kesalahan atau khilaf, maka saat itulah bertemu, duduk bersama
untuk bemaafan, bercerita dan saling <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">tabayyun</i>.
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wallahu A’lam.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<br />makalahviral.blogspot.comhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12263446950236351461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2006523756507276836.post-62373822626935878882019-11-05T18:18:00.000-08:002019-11-05T18:18:00.997-08:00Keutamaan Niat Puasa Ramadhan<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">NIAT PUASA RAMADHAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Dr. Agus Hermanto, MHI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam melaksanakan ibadah, niat
merupakan salah satu penentu sah dan tidaknya ibadah tersebut, sebagaimana
sabda Rasulullah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saw., </i>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Innama a’malu bi al-niyat, wa innama li
kullimri’in ma nawa”</i> sesungguhnya segala sesuatu tergantung kepada niat,
dan setiap orang memiliki niat yang berbeda-beda. Sebagaimana dijelaskan juga
dalam suatu kaidah “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">al-Umuru bi
maqashidiha”</i> segala sesuatu tergantung kepada maksudnya. Dalam hal ini,
niat dalam hatilah yang dianggap sah, sedangkan niat yang dilafadzkan hukumnya
sunnah. Adapun tujuan niat adalah untuk dapat membedakan antara ibadah atau
amalan biasa, dan juga dapat membedakan antara ibadah satu dengan ibadah yang
lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berkaitan dengan niat puasa biasanya
ada dua masalah yang sering muncul, yang pertama adalah; 1) apakah niat harus
diucapkan di malam hari atau boleh di siang harinya? 2) apakah niat itu harus
diperbaiki setiap malam atau hanya cukup diucapkan sekali, yaitu malam pertama
bulan Ramadhan? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam hal niat, Imam Maliki, Imam
Syafi’i dan Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal berpendapat bahwa niat haruslah diucapkan
pada malam hari sebelum terbitnya fajar, sedangkan Imam Hanafi berpendapat
bahwa niat puasa dapat juga diucapkan pada siang hari setelah terbitnya fajar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID;">Adapun berkenaan dengan niat yang diucapkan atau dilafadzkan pada malam
pertama bulan Ramadhan adalah pendapat Imam Malik, dengan alasan agar untuk
berjaga-jaga ketika suatu saat lupa pada malam harinya, maka ia sejatinya sudah
niat di awal Ramadhan selain itu juga ibadah puaasa sejatinya dilakukan selama
satu bulan penuh dan bukan ibadah yang berbeda-beda, sedangkan Imam Hanafi,
Imam Syafi’i dan Imam Ahmad bin hanbal, dan para pengikutnya, berpendapat bahwa
niat dapat dilafadzkan setiap malam bulan Ramadhan karena puasa ramadhan
bersifat independen dan bukan satu kesatuan.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Wallahu A’lam.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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